https://my.ebook5.net/kyoto-u/seifu-so/

# SEIFU-SO

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Seifu-soeditedbyFumihikoMatsudaSetsukoNakajimaJunichiImanishiphotographTomomiTakanoKyotoUniversity

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Seifu-soeditedbyFumihikoMatsudaSetsukoNakajimaJunichiImanishiphotographTomomiTakanoKyotoUniversity

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OriginalJapaneseeditionpublishedin2021byKyotoUniversityAcademicPress.ISBN978-4-8140-0329-7KyotoUniversityYoshida-honmachi,Sakyo-ku,606-8501Kyoto,JAPANNotforsale©2025FumihikoMatsuda,SetsukoNakajima,JunichiImanishi,RichardCollasse,TomomiTakano,©SEN-OKUHAKUKOKANMUSEUMTitlepage:ThetabletoftheSeifu-so,paintingbyRaShingyokuphotograph:KoichiInoguchiAllrightreservedPrinting:YamadaPhotoProcessCo.,Ltd.Printingdirection:NoritakaKurodaBookbinding:ShibuyaBunsenkakuCo.,Ltd.Editrialdesign:RabbitTobirano,ErikoImuraEdition:MizunowaPublishingHouse

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TableofContentsForewordFumihikoMatsuda7Seifu-soinphotographsTomomiTakano9Chapter1TheArchitecturalChronicleofSeifu-soSetsukoNakajima83Chapter2Seifu-soGarden,createdbyKinmochiSaionjiandTomoitoSumitomo:IntegrationwiththegardendesignofJiheiOgawaVIIJunichiImanishi163Seifu-so-KyotoUniversitégemmecachéeRichardCollasse216OntheUtilizationoftheCulturalHeritageofSeifu-soFumihikoMatsuda222Seifu-soandItsEncounterwiththeArtsCeramicartbyNaokiKawabuchiFlowerarrangementbyHanaonoKawamuraPhotographsbyTomomiTakano229FromtheFieldofGardenManagement—InterviewwithKozoYamadaofHanatoyoLandscapeCo.,Ltd.JunichiImanishi243AfterwordFumihikoMatsuda252

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6

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ForewordThisbookbeganwithasimpleyetcompellingquestionIposedtoKyotoUniversityAcademicPress:CouldwecreateapublicationdedicatedtoSeifu-so?IwasespeciallymindfulofMr.AkihikoOkudaoftheSeifu-soManagementOffice—alivingrepositoryofknowledge—whosequietdedicationandprofoundunderstandingseemedtoovaluabletogounrecorded.Iinitiallyenvisionedanelegantguidebooktohighlighthisinsightsandhelpvisitorsappreciatethespacemoredeeply.AlthougharchivalmaterialsrelatingtoSeifu-soexistwithintheuniversity'sFacilitiesDepartment,nocomprehensiverecordcovereditsarchitecturalandhorticulturalfeatures,itspoliticalrolethroughKinmochiSaionji,oritsculturalsignificanceafterbeingdonatedtotheuniversity.Fragmentsremained,butnocoherent,interdisciplinarynarrativehadyetemerged.Toaddressthis,Iinvitedthreeeminentscholars—expertsinarchitecturalhistory,landscapedesign,andmodernpoliticalanddiplomatichistory—tocontributetothevolume.TheirchaptersstandoutfortheiracademicrigorandclarityinrevealingSeifu-so'slayeredlegacy.Thankstotheirgenerosity,thisbookhastakenshapeasathoughtfulsynthesisofscholarshipandvisualdocumentation.ChapterOne,byProfessorSetsukoNakajima,tracesthetransformationofSeifu-sofromSeifu-kan,theTokudaijifamilyresidence,toSaionji'svilla,andfinallytoitscurrentformunderKyotoUniversity,followingitsdonationbytheSumitomofamily.ChapterTwo,byProfessorJunichiImanishi,examinesthegarden'sstylisticcontinuityandadaptationsacrossgenerations.ChapterThree,byProfessorSochiNaraoka,reconstructsthelifeofSeifu-kanthroughfamilydiariesandothersources,exploringitspoliticalroleforSaionji—thelastGenro(elderstatesman)ofJapan—anditslateruseasasalonforartistsandscholars,andultimatelyasaculturaluniversityasset.7

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AftertheJapaneseeditionwaspublished,wereceivednumerousrequestsforanEnglishversion—fromboththeKyotoUniversitycommunityandinternationalvisitorswhohadexperiencedSeifu-sofirsthand.InresponseandinconsultationwiththeauthorsandtheUniversityPress,weundertookthisEnglishedition.Thisversionincludestranslatedselectionsfromthefirsttwochapters,focusingonarchitecturalandlandscapehistory—topicswebelieveresonateglobally.AsthereferencesprovidedattheendofeachchapterintheJapaneseeditionconsistentirelyofJapanese-languagesources,theyhavebeenomittedfromthisversion.Thephotoessay,Seifu-soinPhotographs,wastakenbyMs.TomomiTakanooversixmonthsbeginninginsummer2020.InsteadofreusingimagesfromtheJapaneseedition,theselectionwasre-curatedtohighlighttheestateasawhole,withspecialfocusontherelationshipbetweenarchitectureandgarden.ThelatterpartofthevolumeincludesphotographsfromSeifu-soandItsEncounterwiththeArts,aone-dayeventheldinNovember2022.WehopethisupdatededitionoffersreadersarenewedperspectiveonSeifu-so.Wearealsopleasedtoinclude,initsoriginalFrench,areflectiveessaybythedistinguishednovelistMr.RichardCollasse.FirstpublishedintheJapaneseedition,itoffersaliterarycounterpointtotheacademicchapters,capturingtheemotionaldepthofhisvisitinelegant,nuancedprose.WhileSeifu-soisnotgenerallyopentothepublic,ithasoccasionallywelcomedvisitors.Ihopesuchoccasionswillcontinue—andgrow.Ialsohopethisvolume,bornfromasimpleidea,willbroadenawarenessofSeifu-soandsupportitsfutureasasiteoflearning,reflection,andculturalinheritance.Kyoto,April2025—beneaththefullbloomofcherryblossomsFumihikoMatsuda81

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9

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Seifu-soinphotographs2byTomomiTakano

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1.Maingate(seepreviouspage)2.Kurochiku(theblackbamboo)cherishedbyKinmochiSaionji.Thefirstinnermiddlegateliesbeyond.11

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343.Entranceofthemainresidence4.Cabinetforshoesandumbrellasbesidetheentrance5.Receptionroomonceusedbythesteward,locatednexttotheentrance5

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676.Viewfromtheentrancetowardtheguestroom7.Guestroom,fullinteriorview

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8.Gardenviewfromtheeasternverandaoftheguestroom

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99.Guestroomviewedfromtheeast10.CalligraphybyKinmochiSaionji

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1019

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1211.Viewofthegardenfromtheguestroom12.GardenwithMountDaimonji(Nyoi-ga-take)asborrowedscenery21

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1413.Saionji'slivingroomandgardenseenthroughtheadjacentroom14.Alcoveinthelivingroom,featuringapoembyLiBaiinthehandofSaionji23

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15.Tsukubai(stonewashbasin)infrontofthegarden16.Gardenasseenfromthelivingroom1625

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17.Yukimi-shoji(snow-viewingscreens)inthelivingroom

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1818.Viewofthelivingroomfromthegarden19.Alcoveinthelivingroom

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1929

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20.Livingroomwithdeep,overhangingeaves

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2121.Viewoftheinnergardenfromtheroomadjacenttothelivingroom22.Fromthelivingroom,throughtheadjacentroom,towardthecorridorfacingtheinnergarden

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2233

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2323.Roomadjoiningthelivingroom24.Viewtotheeastfromthekitchen.Thedoorontherightleadstothetelephoneroom

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25.Apairofraccoonsthathavemadetheirhomeintheinnergarden26.Viewoftheinnergarden2526

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2827.Staircaseleadingtothesecondfloorofthemainresidence28.Tatamiroomonthesecondfloorofthemainresidence39

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29.Corridorconnectingtheannextothemainresidence30.Washstandinthecorridortotheannex3041

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3131.Tatamiroomonthefirstflooroftheannex32.Marumado(roundwindow)besidethealcoveintheannex

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3243

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33.Gardenviewfromthefirst-floortatamiroomoftheannex

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3534.Agreyheronatthegardenpond35.Nishikigoi(ornamentalcarp)inthegardenpond47

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3736

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3836.Stairsleadingtothesecondflooroftheannex37.Tatamiroomonthesecondflooroftheannex38.Verandaofthesecond-floorroomoftheannex49

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39.Alcoveinthesecond-floorroomoftheannex

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40.Slidingpanelanddoorarrangementonthesecondflooroftheannex

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4141.Viewofthegardenfromthesecondflooroftheannex42.Viewfromthegarden:mainresidence(left)andannex(right)55

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43.Well-groomedAkamatsu(Japaneseredpine)44.Clusterplantingofpinetreesinthemaingarden4344

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45.Gardenattwilight

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4646.Lightfromtheguestroomilluminatingthegarden47.Annexandgardenpondatnight47

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4948.MountDaimonjioverthegarden,seenfromtheeasternverandaoftheguestroom49.Daimonjibonfireviewedfromthesecondfloorofthemainresidence(August16,2020;reducedscaleduetoCOVID-19precautions)63

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5150.AutumngardenviewedfromtheSaionji'slivingroom51.Crossingtheearthenbridgeoverthegardenpond65

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52.Gardenpathwindingthroughthelawn

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5353.Beyondtheinnermiddlegate,theroji(gardenpath)begins54.Shiki-ishi(steppingstones)leadingtowardtheteahouse55.TeahouseHoshinsai(left)andtomomachiKansuiken—atraditionalwaitingpavilionforattendants;seenfromthenorth

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545569

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56575856-58.Areaaroundthehakama-tsuke(apreparatoryspacewhereguestsadjusttheirattirebeforeenteringtheteahouse)andthemachiai(waitingbench)

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596059.Tomomachi(waitingpavillion)Kansuiken60.CorridorconnectingKansuikenandtheteahouseHoshinsai61.TeahouseHoshinsaiandtobi-ishi(steppingstonepath)leadingtothemaingarden

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6173

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626362.Akari-shoji(paperscreentoadmitsoftnaturallight)ofthetsukeshoinstudyintheteahouseHoshinsai63.Kininguchi(entranceforhonoredguests),leadingtotheteahouse.Thehost’sseatfeaturesamakomo-reedceiling;theguest’sseat,atraditionalhegiajiroceiling

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64.TeahouseHoshinsaisurroundedbyautumnfoliage

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77

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65.Crossingthegardenpondtowardthehillgardeninwinter

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79

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66.66.AerialviewofSeifu-soanditsmaingarden

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81●●●●●●●●●●●●①⑪⑫⑩⑨⑧⑦⑥⑤④③②●●●●●●●●●●●●①⑪⑫⑩⑨⑧⑦⑥⑤④③②①Mainresidence②Annex③TeahouseHoshinsai④Tomomachi(waitingpavillion)Kansuiken⑤Hakama-tsuke(preparatoryspace)andMachiai(waitingbench)⑥Maingate⑦Firstinnermiddlegate⑧Secondinnermiddlegate⑨Dozo(traditionalfireproofstorehousewiththickearthenwalls)⑩Storehouse⑪Steward’squarters⑫GuardstationLayoutMapofBuildingswithinSeifu-so

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Chapter1TheArchitecturalChronicleofSeifu-soSetsukoNakajimaImadegawaStreetrunsalongthenorthsideofKyotoUniversity’smaincampus.Onthenorthsideofthestreet,westwardfromtheHyakumanbenintersection,youcanseeanareaabundantlysurroundedbytalltrees.ThisisSeifu-so(清風荘),whichnowbelongstoKyotoUniversity.Fewpeopleknowthisplace,asthetreesmakeitdifficulttoseefromthestreet.BuiltintheEarly-Moderntimes,Seifu-sowasoriginallyavillaoftheTokudaijifamily.IntheModernTimes,TomoitoSumitomoKichizaemonXV(第15代住友吉左衛門友純1864-1926)rebuiltitasavillainKyotoforhiselderbrother,KinmochiSaionji(西園寺公望1849-1940)[Photo1],amemberoftheTokudaijifamily.Afterwards,in1944,theSumitomofamilydonatedittoKyotoImperialUniversity.Seifu-somainlyconsistsofmodernJapanese-stylebuildingsandgardensthatwereconstructedbetween1911and1914.All12buildingsaredesignatedasnationalimportantculturalproperties.Seifu-soisKyotoUniversity’sonlynationalimportantculturalproperty.ModernJapanese-stylearchitectureisregardedasbuildingsconstructedusingtraditionaltechniquesanddesignssincetheMeijiera(1868-1912).Itischaracterizedashavingadoptednewtechnologies,materials,andequipmenttomeetthefunctionsandconveniencerequiredintheModernera,whileinheritingtraditionalarchitecturefromtheEarly-Moderntimes.Kyotohasalonghistoryasacapitalcity,soanumberofartisanswithmaturetechniquesintraditionalarchitecturehaveconstructedmanyexcellentmodernJapanese-stylebuildings.InKyoto,higher-rankingpoliticiansandbusinesstycoonsbuilttheirvillas83

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especiallyasplacesforculturalexchange.TheybuiltmanymodernvillasintheHigashiyamaareaaroundNanzenjiTemplethatbecameessentialinmodernJapanese-stylearchitecture.Seifu-soispositionedinthemiddleofthistrend.KyotoImperialUniversitywasestablishedatYoshidavillagein1897,notfarfromSeifu-so,asJapan’ssecondimperialuniversity.Withitsliberalacademicculture,theuniversitypromotedhigh-levelresearchinvariousfieldsandledmoderntheoreticalknowledgeinJapan.KinmochiSaionjiinvitedscholarsfromKyotoImperialUniversity,includingKonanNaito(内藤湖南),NaokiKano(狩野直喜),andShinzoShinjo(新城新蔵),andenjoyedinteractingwiththemduringhisstayatSeifu-so.Afterbeingtransferredtotheuniversity,Seifu-sowasusedforvariousstudygroups,meetings,guestentertainment,andteaceremonies.FromthetimeofKinmochiSaionjitothepresent,Seifu-sohasbeenaplaceforacademicinteractionbothinsideandoutsideofKyotoUniversity.Seifu-somightthereforeberegardedasasupporterofKyotoUniversity’sacademicculture.Seifu-so,whichstartedasavillaofanoblefamily,becameavillaforapoliticianandwastheninheritedasafacilityofKyotoUniversity.Here,Iwouldliketoexplorethehistoryofthesebuildingsandthepeopleassociatedwiththem.ItisajourneybacktoKyotoUniversity’sorigin,andmaybeevenfurther,tothehistoryandcultureofKyotoandJapan.Photo.1KinmochiSaionji,陶庵公影譜,p.75,KyotoInstitute,LibraryandArchives.84

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FromSeifu-kantoSeifu-soSeifu-kanoftheTokudaijiFamilyTheTokudaijihavebeenanoblefamily,rankedasoneoftheSeiga-kefamiliesaftertheSekkan-kefamilies.InthelateEdoperiod,theirprimaryresidencewasonthenorthsideofKyotoGyoen(京都御苑),northeastofKarasumaImadegawa.DuringthepatriarchyofSanemiTokudaiji(徳大寺実堅1790-1858),Seifu-kan(清風館),avilla,wasestablishedatthepresentsiteofSeifu-so.SeveralsourcesprovideinformationaboutSeifu-kan,includingSanemi’sdiary,Shiton-ki(糸屯記),asthediaryofhissuccessor,Kinito(公純1821-83),andSumitomoShunsui(住友春翠)asthebiographyofKinito’ssixthchild,Tomoito,whowasadoptedintotheSumitomofamily.SumitomoShunsuidescribesthehistoryoftheTokudaijifamilyindetailbasedonShiton-kiandothersources.Inthissection,IwouldliketodescribeSeifu-kanbasedonSumitomoShunsui.RegardingthedateofconstructionofSeifu-kan,SumitomoShunsuisaysthefollowing:“TheShirakawaRiverflowssouthwardthroughShirakawa-muraatthefootofMt.Hiei.TheOotaRiver,abranchoftheShirakawaRiver,passeswestwardthroughHyakumanbenChionjiTemple.Omizo,Tanaka-mura,Otagi-gunwasthere.Kinito’spredecessor,SanemiTokudaiji,startedaseparateresidencethereinthespringofthe12thyearofBunseiwhenhewas40yearsold.ThemainhousewasbuiltinMay,andfromJuneonward,heoftenvisitedorstayedhere.”Seifu-kanissaidtohavebeennamedbySugazoIto(伊藤壽賀蔵),adescendantofthefamousConfucianscholarJinsaiIto(伊藤仁斎).Seifu-kanislocated200-300meterseastoftheKamoRiver,andfacesthesouthsideofShirakawaRoadandtheŌtaRiver,whichflowsalongwiththeroad.NotonlytheTokudaijifamily,butalsotheTakatsukasafamilyhadavillainTanakavillage,andtheKujofamilyhadanestatealongtheKamoRiver.In1878,aseparateresidenceforPrince85

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AkiraYamashinawasbuiltinShinden,adjacenttoTanakavillage.OneofreasonswhythesenoblefamiliessetuptheirvillasintheeasternareaoftheKamoRiver,notfarfromtheirprimaryhomearoundtheGosho(御所),isbecausetheywantedtoenjoytheidyllicenvironmentofthecountrysideandthebeautifulsceneryoftheHigashiyamamountains.DuringtheendoftheTokugawaShogunate,theentireTokudaijifamilymovedfromtheirprimaryresidencetoSeifu-kantoavoidtheriotsaroundtheGosho.Seifu-kanthusservedasanevacuationsite.InMarch1848,attheageof59years,SanemiresignedasMinisteroftheInterior.HehandedoverthepatriarchytoKinitoandspenthislateryearsatSeifu-kan.Sanemihadalwaysbeenenthusiasticaboutteaceremonies.In1855,hebuiltatearoomcalled“Hoshinsai(保真斎)”inSeifu-kaninconsultationwithSomiFukatsu(深津宗味)oftheUrasenke(裏千家)School.Sanemispenttherestofhislifeenjoyingteaceremonies.InSeptember1867,attheageof59years,KinitoalsoresignedasMinisteroftheRightandmovedtoSeifu-kan.AfterhiseldestsonSanetsune(実則)inheritedthepatriarchyin1872,Kinitolivedtherequietlywithhisfamilyuntilhisdeathin1883.OneofKinito’ssons,Sanetsune,movedtoTokyowhenEmperorMeijimovedtherein1869.Hissecondson,Kinmochi,whowasadoptedbytheSaionjifamily,studiedinFrancefor9yearsfrom1871.Histhirdson,MichinoriNakanoin(中院通規),andhisfourth,Takemaro(威麿)(laterTakemaroSuehiro(末弘威麿)),alsomovedtoTokyo.Hisyoungestson,Takamaro(隆麿)(latertobecomethe15thSumitomoKichizaemonTomoito),hisyoungestdaughter,andChiyoura(千世浦),themotherofhissecondandlatersons,remainedatSeifu-kanwithKinito.HislifeatSeifu-kanwaspeaceful.Heplantedflowersandtreesinthegarden,enjoyedpottedflowers,composedwakapoems,heldteaceremonies,andhostedNoh(能)plays.Healsoheldflower-viewingpartiesandwatchedtheokuribi(送り火,“bonfires”).Hepaidparticularattentiontohisgardenandflowers.In1874,heremodeledtheTenjin(天86

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神)ShrineandtheInari(稲荷)Shrineandbuiltabenchforcoolingoffinthegarden.Thefollowingyear,herepaintedtheshrinewalls.Healsorepairedthemaingate,themiddlegate,thecarport,andotherareas,andreplacedtheslidingdoorsinthemainbuilding.In1876,hebuiltapavilion,“RiteiGinshoan(離亭吟松庵),”inthenorthgarden.Althoughnosignificantadditionsorrenovationsweremade,thebuildingsweremodifiedtosuithislifestyle.Heusedthelunarcalendaruntilthedayhediedandconductedalltraditionaleventsashehadinthepast,maintainingtheprideandbehaviorofanoblemantotheend.However,afterhisdeathonNovember5,1883,theTokudaijifamilyhadnoreasontoliveseparatelyinKyotoandTokyo.Thus,theentirefamily,Takamaro,thesixthdaughterTeruko(照子),andShoshinin(正心院)(Chiyoura),whohadlivedinKyotowithKinito,allleftSeifu-kanforTokyoin1884.Afterthat,theTokudaijifamilymanagedSeifu-kanastheirvillainKyoto,withTsunekaneMonokawa(物加波懐要),asteward,andTsunejiNakano(中野常次),anapprentice,asthehousekeepers.SumitomoShunsuimentionsthatEijuin(永寿院),thebirthmotherofSanetsune,stayedatSeifu-kanaround1897.ShoshininhadreturnedtoKyotofromTokyoandlivedinKawabataMarutamachi.ShealsofrequentlyvisitedSeifu-kanandenjoyedwritingsongsandotheractivitieswithEijuinandthewivesoftheservantswhoformerlyservedtheTokudaijifamily.ManyofKinito’schildrenbecamedignitariesintheMeijigovernmentandbusinessworldandleftKyoto.Still,theirmothersremainedinKyotoandatSeifu-kan,wheretheyspenttheirlateryears,respectingtheoldcustomsofthenoblefamilies.IntheerafromtheEdototheMeijiperiod,whenJapanesesocietyandculturechangeddramatically,Seifu-kanwasaplacewherethelosttraditionscontinuedtoliveon.ItmightthereforeberegardedasatimecapsuleinKyoto,wheremodernizationhadprogressedatthesametime.87

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ArchitectureofSeifu-kanAlthoughoriginalresourcesaboutSeifu-kanarelacking,wedohavetwodrawingsknownasSeifu-kanFloorPlan(清風館見取図):onefromthecollectionoftheSumitomoHistoricalArchives[Fig.1],whichisthoughttohavebeendrawninlateryears,andtheotherfromOgawaJihei(小川治兵衛).Althoughtheyareverysimilar,thewritingsanddetailsarenot,soitisbelievedthatoneiscopiedfromtheother.Wehavenoreliableinformationtoclarifywhenandwhythesedrawingswerecreated,soitisdifficulttoplacethemashistoricalresources.However,wewouldliketoleveragethemascluesregardingtheapproximatestructureofSeifu-kan.Accordingtothe“Seifu-kanFloorPlan,”thefrontgatefacedtheroadonthewestsideoftheproperty.Themainentrancewasalmostinfrontofthemaingate,andfromthemainentrancetotheeast,therewasatwo-storymainbuildingattheendofthecorridorlabeled“Oima(御居間).”Atthenorthofthisbuildingwasaone-storyhousemarkedas“Goinkyo-sama(御隠居様).”Thefloorabove“Oima”wascalled“Shokoro(省耕楼).”Northeastof“Goinkyo-sama,”therewasatatamiroomlabeled“Kansuiken(閑睡軒),”thesamenameofthewaitingroominSeifu-so.Still,itisunclearwhetherthiswasthesamebuilding.Thetwomainbuildings,“Oima”and“Goinkyo-sama,”werebothbuiltfacingeastandusedbytheTokudaijifamilyandtheirguests.TheplacementofthemaintatamiroomsfacingeastisacharacteristiccommontoKogosho(小御所)(headpriest’slivingroom),Otsune-Goten(御常御殿)oftheKyotoImperialPalace(京都御所),Shoseien(渉成園)(trifoliateorangegarden)ofHigashiHongan-Ji(東本願寺)Temple,andvillasbuiltintheModerneraintheeasternareaoftheKamoRiver.ItwasintendedtoallowenjoymentofthesceneryofHigashiyama,theDaimonjibonfires,andthemoonrisingfromtheeast.KinitoalsoenjoyedtheeasternviewofSeifu-kanfromthetopofShokoro,viewingthecherryblossomsandbonfiresandwritingpoemsaboutthemoonandthefirstsnowfall.88

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Fig.1Seifu-kanFloorPlan,SumitomoHistoricalArchives.Returningtothefloorplan,thereweretwoteaceremonyhousesonthesouthernsideofthecorridorfromthemainentrancetothe“Oima.”Thelargeroneisdescribedas“Hoshinsai.”Thebuildingsforbutlers,maids,andotherservantsarelocatedwestof“Oima”and“Goinkyo-sama”andhiddenfromviewbyahedge.Thesebuildingsoccupythenorthwestpartofthesite,andthegardenspreadsouttothesoutheast.89

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Thegardenwaslabeledas“Rakurouen(薬浪園),”AccordingtoSumitomoShunsui,thepoetKagawaShikibuKagetsune(香川式部景恒),whoservedtheTokudaijifamily,namedthegarden“Sasazono(楽浪園).”Therefore,thelettersonthefloorplanmightbemisdescribed.Thegardenareaclosetothebuildingisalawn,andapondwithacentralislandcalled“Chiyoike(千代池)”islocatedtotheeast.Itswaterwastakeninfromthecanalthatranalongtheeastsideofthesiteandflowedbackintothecanalagain.ThiswaterwaywasabranchoftheOtaRiver,whichflowedeasttowestalongthesite’snorthside,andthenfromnorthtosouth.Onthenortheastofthepond,therewasa“smallmountain(小山)”(gekka-dai月花台)andtwoshrines,TenjinandInari,whicharesaidtohavebeenremodeledbyKinito.Tothesouthofthepond,thereisapavilion,andtothesouthofthegarden,thereisanoakhedgewithacentralgate.AnattachedfieldislocatedtothewestofSeifu-kan,acrossthestreetfromthefrontgate.ThiscompositionisconsistentwiththefollowingphrasesfromSumitomoShunsui:“AgardenfedbytheOtaRiverflowingnorthofthehedgeextendswidelytothesoutheastofthemainbuilding,withthepeaksofHieiandMt.Daimonjirisingcloseabovethegrove.Themaingateistothewest.Thetwo-storymainhallatthewestendandtheone-storyannextothenorthareconnectedbyacorridor.”OtherdescriptionsinSumitomoShunsuidonotcontradictthefloorplan.However,somebuildingsarenotdepictedinthe“Seifu-kanFloorPlan,”butareknowntoexistfromSumitomoShunsui.TheseincludetheRiteiGinshoan,whichKinitonewlybuiltinthenorthgarden,theKao-dai(花王台),afour-tieredroomwithabambooblind,theReidai-in(礼台院)Mausoleum,towhichplumblossomswereoffered,andtheNohstage,whereHataHizennokami(畑肥前守)paintedthepanel.IneachofthesebuildingsofSeifu-kan,Sanemi,Kinito,andtheTokudaijifamilyspenttheirdailylives.Bylookingatthefloorplans,wecanseethepastscenesandfeelthebreathsofthesepeople.90

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FromtheTokudaijiFamilytotheSumitomoFamilyIn1907,24yearsafterthedeathofKinito,thetimeofSeifukanstartedtomoveagain.Thethreesons,Sanetsune,Kinmochi,andTomoito,discussedanddecidedtotransferSeifu-kanfromtheTokudaijifamilytotheSumitomofamilyandmakeitKinmochi’stemporaryresidenceinKyoto.ItwasthecommonlifestyleofpoliticiansatthatperiodtohavetheirprimaryresidenceinTokyoandtheirvillasinitssuburbs,suchasGotembaandOiso,aswellasinKyoto.By1907,KinmochihadavillainOisoandhisprimaryresidenceinSurugadai,Tokyo,buthedidnothaveavillainKyoto,wherehegrewup.Heservedasthe12thand14thPrimeMinisterofJapan,anditwasduringthefirstSaionjicabinetin1907whenhedecidedtomakeSeifu-kanhisvillainKyoto.ItisassumedthatitwasessentialtohaveavillainKyotoforhisstatusasapolitician.ThebrothersoftheTokudaijifamilymadethispossible,especiallyTomoito,whohadbecometheheadoftheSumitomofamilyandhesupportedKinmochifinancially.TomoitoprovidedtheSumitomofamily’svillainSurugadai,Tokyo,toKinmochiashisprimaryresidencein1900.In1920,hebuiltavillaforKinmochi,called“Zagyo-so(坐漁荘),”inOkitsuShizuokaPrefecture.TheSumitomofamilyalsobuiltSeifu-soforKinmochiinKyoto.TokukiAndo(安藤徳器)wrotethefollowingabouttheSumitomofamilyandKinmochiinhisbookEn-koHiwa(園公秘話):“Evenifitissmallandsimple,thehouseinSurugadaiseemstobethemainresidence,whilethehouseinTanaka[Kyoto]seemstobeavilla.Still,theyhaveanambiguousrelationship,neitherrentednorgiven,andinthisambiguity,theloveamongthesetwofamiliesisexpressed.”InAndo’sview,theprovisionofthemansionwithoutclarifyingtherelationshipofrightswasduetotheloveamongthebrothers.InAugust1907,NaojiroShimada(島田直次郎),aretaineroftheTokudaijifamily,wenttoKyotoandregisteredabout8hectaresoflandand2hectaresoffields,includingtheSeifu-kanbuilding,asbelongingto91

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theSumitomofamily.InadditiontotheTokudaijifamily’sland,theSumitomofamilypurchasedmorethan12hectaresofnearbyresidentiallandfromseveralfamiliestoexpandthesite.InmakingSeifu-kanavillaforKinmochi,ShimadatookcaretopreservetheoriginalatmospheretomeetKinmochi’spreference.Itwasnamed“Seifu-so”byKinmochi,whowasadoptedbytheSaionjifamilywhenhewasachild.Hisfather,Kinito,lethimrideonahorseandplayinthegardenofSeifu-kanbeforehisadoption.Thus,hegrewupatSeifu-kanandwasfilledwithnostalgicmemories.Kinmochi’soriginasamemberoftheTokudaijifamilyisreflectedinhisdesiretocarryonthememoryofSeifu-kananditsname.In1908,ChujirōMonokawa(物加波中次郎),whowasemployedbytheSumitomofamily,becametheheadofSeifu-sovillaandwasplacedinchargeofitsmanagement,includingconstruction.ThebuildingsfromtheSeifu-kanerawererebuilt,leavingbehindtheteahouseHoshinsaianditsannex.Thegardenwasalsoextensivelyrenovated.JinbeiYagiII(二代八木甚兵衛)handledthearchitecture,andJiheiOgawaVII(七代目小川治兵衛)thegarden.BothweremastercarpentersandgardenerswithclosetiestotheSumitomofamilyandTomoito.Itisnotclearwhathappenedtotheoldbuildingsafterthat,butitissaidthattheyweremovedtoTanaka-Satonomae-cho,northeastofSeifu-kan.ThedozenorsohousesthathadstoodonthelandwheretheypurchasedweremovedtoTanaka-Oi-cho,justnorthofSeifu-so,andrented.TheseweregiventoTakemaro,whohadreturnedtoKyoto.ProcessofConstructionofSeifu-soanditsArchitectureTheProcessofConstructionTheconstructionofSeifu-socanbetracedintheHistoricalRecordsofSeifu-so(清風荘史料)heldintheSumitomoHistoricalArchives.Thisdocumentconsistsofbusinessreportsfrom1907,when92

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Fig.2Storehousesouthelevation,SumitomoHistoricalArchives.Seifu-kanwastransferredtotheSumitomofamily,aswellasdocumentsanddrawingsrelatedtotheconstructionofSeifu-sostartingin1911.MoredetailscanbeseeninTheArchitectureofSeifu-sofromthePerspectiveofHistoricalDocuments:ReportontheSurveyofBuildings(史料からみた清風荘の建築̶建造物調査報告書).ThefollowingisanoutlineoftheconstructionbasedonthehistoricaldocumentsintheSumitomoHistoricalArchivesaccordingtothisreport.AftertheTokudaijifamilytransferredthepropertyownershiptotheSumitomofamilyin1907,carpenters,gardeners,andothers,ledbyChujirōMonokawa,whowasinchargeofthevilla,madefrequentcontactwitheachother.Theymadecarefulpreparationsfortheconstruction,includingtheselectionofartisansandtheprocurementofmaterials.InOctober1909,theyarrangedtosendtheTokudaijifamily’sdocumentsandornamentsfromSeifu-kantoTokyoandorganizedthefamilybelongings.InAugustof1911,constructionworkfinallybeganonthemain93

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building(主屋).Theground-breakingceremonyandraisingofthebuildingtookplaceinNovember.Aftersomechangesinthedesign,theconstructionseemstohavebeenprimarilycompletedattheendof1912.Accordingtothequotesandothers,themainbuildingwasequippedwithatelephone,electricbell,wiringforfans,andlightningrods.InJune1912,theexistingstorehouse(土蔵)wasdismantled,andworkbeganonanewstorehouse,whichwascompletedaroundMay1913[Fig.2].Constructionofthebarn(納屋)startedaroundthesametimeasthestorehouse,inJuly1912,andwascompletedattheendoftheyear.Theperioduptotheendof1912,whentheareaaroundthemainbuildingwascompletedforKinmochitostay,canberegardedasthefirstconstructionphase.Theplan[Fig.3],whichissaidtohavebeenmadearoundJuly1912,showsthepartscompletedinthefirstconstructionphase.Fig.3Thisplanshowsthepartscompletedinthefirstconstructionphase,SumitomoHistoricalArchives.94

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Photo.2TheletterwaswrittenbyKinmochiin1911fordescribinghishopesforSeifu-so,SumitomoHistoricalArchives.Inaddition,aletterwaswrittenin1911detailingthespecificationsofthemainbuilding.Attheendoftheletter,aninscriptionreads,“Iwishtoconsultmywisebrother,”whichsuggeststhatKinmochiwrotedownhiswishes[Photo2].Itreadsasfollows.“Thepillarsattheentrancearenormalandgood.Thepillarsaroundthesidesoftheentranceareallmadeofcedarwithbark.Iwantthesquarepoststobecedarorcypress.Itisbestnottousetoga(栂).Accordingtotheoldman’sexperience,togabendsinunexpectedplaces,anditcanbeirreversible.WhenIaskedtheartisan,hesaidthesamething.Iwantyoutoaskthecarpenteraboutthis.Iamnotparticularaboutthealcoveposts(床柱).Asforthealcoveposts,cedarlogs,cedarwithbark,pine,maple,fir,oranyothermaterialwilldo.Butavoidheavyoneslikerosewoodandebony.Therearefouralcoves.Iwantoneortwotohavetatamimats,andtwoorthreeboards.Oneofthemshouldhavenoflooredgeandbethesameheightasthetatami.Oneofthewoodenalcovesshouldhaveshishiguchi(獅子口)withoutaflooredge.Intheentrancehall,wheretherewillbeanumbrellaandshoeshelf,95

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Photo.3Shoeboxintheentrance,©TomomiTakano.therewillbetwodoors,thewidthofwhichwillbe4feet5inches,andtheremaining1feet5incheswillbethewall.Pleaserefertotheoriginaldrawing.Asix-matkitchenneedsalightwindow.Don’tforgetthat.Iwishtoconsultmywisebrotheraboutthedesignofthesidesofalcovesandotherparts”.TheseinstructionsshowKinmochi’spreference.Asareasonfornotusingtoga,hepointedoutthatitcanbendinunexpectedplacesandbeirreversible.Forthealcovepillars,whichareanessentialpartofthetatamiroom,anymaterialisacceptableifitisnottooheavy.Ontheotherhand,itisinterestingtoseehowKinmochigavedetailedinstructionsforthenot-so-largeslidingdoorofashoeshelfintheentranceandthelightwindowinthekitchen[Photos3,4].Attheendofthesentence,hesaidthathewantedtoleavethedesignofthealcoveandotheraspectstohisyoungerbrother.ItindicateshisdeeptrustinTomoito.ThemainbuildinglargelyfulfilledKinmochi’swishes.Itisunclearwhichofthethreeresidences,Seifu-so,Surugadai,96

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Photo.4Lightwindowinthekitchen,©TomomiTakano.97

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orZagyo-so,wasbuiltbytheSumitomofamily,butthereisaletterfromTomoitotoKinmochiinwhichheasksaboutthebuildingspecifications.ThislettersuggeststhatTomoitolistenedtoKinmochi’swishesandcommunicatedthemtothepersoninchargeoftheconstructiontocompletethebuilding.InDecember1912,whenanewroadwasbuiltonthewestsideofthesite,theconstructionofthemaingate(正門),servicegate(通用門),attachedbuilding(附属屋),firstgate(第一中門),guardstation(詰所),garage(車庫)(notextant),teahouse(茶室),andotherareaswasstartedearlyintheyear.TheseworkswerealmostcompletedbytheendofMay1913.Theconstructionworkduringthisperiod,whenthehousecanbeusedasavilla,ispositionedasthesecondphaseoftheproject.ThereasonforthisrapidpaceofthesecondphaseofconstructionwasthereturnofKinmochitoKyoto.WhenthefirstGompeiYamamoto(山本権兵衛)cabinetwasformedonFebruary20,1913,therewasbargainingwithinthepartyoverKinmochi’sresignationaspresidentoftheSeiyukai(政友会),andKinmochiretreatedfromSeifu-sotoavoidthis.HisstayatSeifu-sobeganonMarch22andaroundthisdate,theestimatesforthegarageandfillingstationwereprepared,andconstructionwasunderway.Constructionofthemaingatehadalreadybegunandwasabouttobecompleted.OnApril13,1913,theKyotoHinodeShimbun(京都日出新聞)reportedthatKinmochihadgonetotheoutskirtsofKyotoinanItalian-madeautomobile.Thegarageisthoughttohavebeenbuiltforthiscar.ItcanbesaidthatthesecondphaseofconstructioncompletedthefacilitiesnecessaryforKinmochi’slifeinKyoto.Athree-dimensionaldrawingofthemaingateonthesideofthenewroadhasbeenpreserved[Fig.4].Accordingtothedrawing,themaingatewasplannedtofacetheroad,thatis,tothewest.Thereasonforthisisunknown,butitwaslaterchangedtofacenorth.Thismayhavebeenforsecurityreasons.Comparingtheplanswiththepresentsituationalsorevealsthatthedesignoftherafters,Noshirooftiles(熨斗瓦),andpaving98

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Fig.4Three-dimensionaldrawingofthemaingate,SumitomoHistoricalArchives.stoneswasalsochanged.TheKabukimon(冠木門)gate,whichopenedtothenorthofthemaingate,wascompletedwithaloweredheightbecausethewooddeliveredwas14shaku(about4.2meter),althoughthemainpillarwas16shakuand5suns(about5meter)inthedrawing.Theteahouseandtheteagardenareawerebuiltinconnectionwiththemaingarden.IntheSeifu-kanera,themaingardenwascenteredonthesite’seastside,butwhenitwastransformedintoSeifu-so,itwasgreatlyexpandedtothesouthandwestsidesandapondandnewTsukiyama(築山)werebuilt.Itisthoughtthatthepositionoftheteahousewasmovedaccordingly.InAugust1912,theteahouse,Hoshinsai,andthewaitingroom,Kansui-ken,inheritedfromtheSeifu-kanera,weremovedsouthwestfromtheiroriginallocationsandtemporarilysettled.Afterthat,theinteriorwasplastered,slidingdoorsweredelivered,andconstructionwascompletedaroundMay1913[Fig.5].WorkontheHakamatsukeandthewaitinghouse(袴付け及び待合)beganinJanuary1913andwascompletedinmid-April,whileworkonthefirstgatebeganattheendofApril1914andwascompletedmid-May.Asforthesecond99

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Fig.5TeaHousePlan(御茶室平面図),SumitomoHistoricalArchives.gate,thereisnorecordoftheconstructionwork,andmanypointsremainunclear,butithasbeensuggestedthatthebuildingfromtheSeifukanerawasmovedalongwiththeHoshinsaiandotherbuildings.Thethirdandfinallarge-scaleconstructionprojectwastheconstructionofthedetachedhouse(離れ),whichbeganinFebruary1914.Thedetachedhousewasatwo-storybuildingfacingsouthtotheeastofthemainbuildingandconnectedbyacorridor.Thefirstfloorcontainedaformaltatamiroom,andthesecondhadanelaborate(Suki)tatamiroom[Fig.6].TheceilingboardsofthetatamiroomwereprocuredfromtheprimaryresidenceoftheSumitomofamilyinChausuyama(茶臼山),Osaka,whichindicatestheirefficientprocurementofhigh-qualitymaterials.Bytheendof1914,theconstructionoftheprimaryresidenceatChausuyamawasalmostfinished,anditisthoughtthatsurplusmaterialswereusedforthispurpose.Thedetachedhousewascompletedin100

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Fig.6Detachedhouseplanandsection(田中村御別邸増築),SumitomoHistoricalArchives.101

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early1915.AnewspaperarticlefromMarch26,1913reportedthat“asplendidWestern-stylebuildingwillbebuiltontheeastsideofthehouse,”suggestingthatthedetachedhousemayhavebeenplannedasaWestern-stylebuildinginthebeginning.However,itremainsunclearhoworwhytheWestern-stylebuildingwaschangedtoaJapanese-styleone.Inthisway,Seifu-sowascompletedover3.5yearsfrom1911.Oneofthesignificantchangesafterwardwasthedragging(inotherwords,movedasis,withoutdisassembling)ofthedetachedhousebetween1927and1929.Accordingtolaterrecords,itissaidthatthehousewasmovedtothesouthtomakespaceforanearthenembankmentthatwastobebuilttopreventnoisefromShirakawaRoadrunningalongthenorthside.Thedraggingofthedetachedhousechangedtheviewfromthemainbuildinganddetachedhouse.Fromthecurrenttatamiroomsonthefirstandsecondfloors,wecanenjoyawideviewofthegardentothesouth.Thisviewofthegardenwasobtainedbymovingthebuildingtothesouth.Theviewtotheeastfromthemainbuilding,ontheotherhand,wasblockedtothenortheastbythedetachedhouseandturnedtothesouthandsoutheast.IntheSeifu-kanera,thegazewasdirectedtowardtheeastgardenandHigashiyama,butintheSeifu-soera,therewasachangeinthegazetothesouthgarden.Theconnectiontothemainhousewasalsoreconstructedbymovingthedetachedhouse.Thecorridorconnectingthetwobuildingswasturnedtothesouth,andasmallgardenandamizuya(水屋,“sink”)werebuiltinthemiddleofthecorridor.In1931,aneventoccurredthatdividedthesite.ThiswastheopeningofImadegawaStreet.ImadegawaStreet,extendedaccordingtoKyotocityplanning,wasabout22meterswideandraneast-westthroughthecenteroftheentiresiteownedbytheSumitomofamily,includingSeifu-so,alittletothesouth,cuttingoffthesouthsideofSeifu-so[Fig.2,Chapter2].Ofthe5,000tsubo(16,530squaremeters)ofthesiteofSeifu-so,1,000tsubo(3,306squaremeters)wasprovidedaslandfortheroad.102

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Photo.5ConstructiononImadegawaStreet.Seifu-soisaroundthetreeonthefarleft,TakenonApril4,1930,KyotoCityLibraryofHistoricalDocuments.ConstructionbeganonMarch1,1930,andwascompletedonJune30,1931.ThetramwasopenedonSeptember18ofthesameyear.WiththeconstructionofImadegawaStreettothesouth,thequietSeifu-so,surroundedbyricefields,waseventuallyswallowedupbythecityarea[Photo5].PeopleInvolvedintheConstructionThepeopleinvolvedintheconstructionofSeifu-soanditsgardenwerecarpentersandgardenerswithclosetiestotheSumitomofamily,especiallyTomoito.TheconstructionofthebuildingwasundertakenbyJinbeiYagiII(1854-1915),acarpenterintheemployoftheSumitomofamily,andthegardenbyJiheiOgawaVII(1860-1933),aleadingfigureinmodernlandscaping.TheYagifamilyisalineageofOsakaShitennojicarpenters(大阪四天王寺大工).ItsconnectionwiththeSumitomofamilyissaidtohavestartedwhenSaiheiHirose(広瀬宰平),thefirstgeneraldirectorofSumitomo,askedJinbeiYagiItorenovatearentedhouseadjacenttothe103

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Sumitomofamily’sprimaryresidenceinUnagidaniin1875.SumitomoShunsuidescribesJinbeiYagias“amastercarpenterwhohasbeentakenintotheconfidenceoftheSumitomofamilyforalongtime.”In1879,thefirstgenerationwasentrustedwiththeWestern-stylebuildingattheprimaryresidenceinUnagidani,indicatingthathehadgainedthetrustoftheSumitomofamily.ThisWestern-stylehouseisknownasoneofthefirstWestern-stylehousesbuiltforJapanesepeople.ThiscanberegardedastheenterprisingspiritoftheSumitomofamilyandthehighlyleveledskillofJinbeiYagiI.Evenafterthedeathofthefirstgenerationin1884andthesuccessionofJinbeiYagiII,therelationshipwiththeSumitomofamilycontinued.HeworkedontheHiroseresidenceinNiihama(1887-1889),theeasttatamiroomoftheSumitomofamily’sprimaryresidenceinUnagidani(reconstructedin1901),theJapanesewingoftheseparateresidenceinOtsuIshiyama(nowtheSumitomoKakkien住友活機園)ofSumitomo’ssecondprimeminister,TeigoIba(伊庭貞剛)(1904),theSumitomofamily’svillainShishigatani(nowtheSumitomofamily’sprimaryresidence,Yuhoen(有芳園))(1914),andtheSumitomofamily’sprimaryresidenceinChausuyama(1915).Ofthese,theHiroseResidenceandtheIbaResidencearedesignatedasnationalimportantculturalproperties,indicatingtheoutstandingskillsofJinbeiYagiII.Tomoito,whojoinedtheSumitomofamilyin1892,movedtheprimaryresidencetoanewlocation,setupvillasinvariousplaces,andbuiltmanybuildings.ThereisnodoubtthatthepresenceofTomoitoexpandedthefieldofactivityofJinbeiYagiII.IntheconstructionofSeifu-so,Yagiwasresponsibleforthemainbuilding,thedetachedhouse,themaingate,andthestorehouse.Yagi’sworksweretounderstandtheclient’sintentionsregardingthearchitecture,producethedesign,andmanagetheentireconstruction.Yagi’sstylewastorefrainfromusingeccentricdesignsandformalexpressions,preferringacalmsukiya(数寄屋)style.Healsobelievedinthe104

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useofsuitablematerialsandcarefuldesigntobringouttheirbestqualities.InSeifu-so,whileusinghigh-qualitymaterialssuchasKitayamacedar(北山杉)alcovepillarsandYakucedar(屋久杉)ceilingpanels,thebuildingiselegantwithoutbeingostentatious.Thetatamiroomdoesnotuseanynageshi(長押,“longwoodenbeam”)tocreateapeacefulspaceawayfromtheformalities.Ontheotherhand,therearesomecreativedesignssuchascomb-shapedtransoms(櫛形欄間)madeoffilledarrowbambooonthefirstfloorofthedetachedhouseandtransomsmadeofpaulowniawoodgrounddirectlyintotheboardsonthesecond.Yagi’stasteandabilitycanbeseenintheelegantinsertionoftheseunexpecteddesignsintotherestrainedandneatsukiyaspace.Ofcourse,thecontentofthedesignwasbasedontheclient’sintentions,buttherearealsosimilaritiesinthecompositionofthealcoveandthecreationofthetransomswiththeHiroseresidenceandtheIbaone.UnderYagi’ssupervision,TakichiTakagi(高木多吉),acarpenterfromOsaka,wasresponsiblefortheactualconstruction.TakagialsoworkedwithYagiinconstructingtheIbaresidence,soitcanbeassumedthathewasacarpenterunderYagi.DuringtheconstructionofSeifu-so,TakagirentedahouseownedbytheSumitomofamilysothathecouldbestationedatthesite.Inaddition,Takagisubmittedmostoftheconstructionreportstotheofficeatthevilla.ThesefactssuggestthatTakagiwasinvolvedintheconstructionofSeifu-sofromapositionofresponsibility.ItcanbeassumedthatYagiwasextremelybusyduringtheconstructionperiodofSeifu-so,asthebuildingworkoftheChausuyamaprimaryresidencestartedin1911,andtheworkoftheShishigatanivillabeganin1913.Undersuchcircumstances,Seifu-soisthoughttohavebeenentrustedtoTakagi.Inaddition,JinbeiYagiIIwasalreadyoldatthistimeanddiedinJune1915.Inadditiontothemainbuilding,thedetachedhouse,andthemaingate,Seifu-sohasagroupoffacilitiesforteaceremonies,suchastheteahouseHoshinsai,theservantroomKansuiken,thewaitingroom105

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Hakamatsuke,andthefirstandsecondgates.Seifu-soalsoincludesadministrativebuildings,suchastheattachedhouse,theguardstation,andtheservicegate.Asmentionedearlier,thecentralbuildingsweredesignedbyJinbeiYagiII,acarpenterintheSumitomofamily’semploy.Bycontrast,thebuildingsaroundthetearoomsweredesignedbyAsahjiroKousaka(上坂浅次郎),asukiyacarpenterfromKyoto,andtheadministrativebuildingsbyYataroIsomura(磯村彌太郎),acarpenterfromKyoto.YataroIsomurawasalsocommissionedtobuildthebirdhousein1915.Thecarpenterswereselectedaccordingtothetypeandpurposeofthebuilding.KousakaAsahjiro(1869-1928),whoworkedontheteahouseandotherstructures,isamasterofsukiyaarchitecturewhowasactiveduringtheMeijiandTaishoperiods.AmongKousaka’sworksareKodaijiJugyu-an(高台寺十牛庵,1908)andShiori-an(紫織庵,formerKawasakifamilyresidence,1926).KousakabecameinvolvedwithSeifu-sobecauseoftherecommendationofJiheiOgawaVII.OgawaintroducedKousakabysaying,“therearemanymastersofsukiyainKyoto,eachwithhishabits,butIbelievethatheisamasterofsukiya.”KousakahadworkedsincehisdaysatSeifu-kan,whichwasalsoareasonforrecommendinghim.TheSumitomofamilyacceptedOgawa’sproposalandhiredKousakaseparatelytoconstructtheteahouseandotherworks.ThegardenerJiheiOgawaVIIplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofSeifu-kan,ascanbeseenfromthefactthathearrangedforartisanstoworkthere.InSeptember1907,shortlyafterSeifu-kanbecamethepropertyoftheSumitomofamily,theSumitomofamilypurchasedfromOgawaafieldthatstretchedeastandwestoftheproperty.ConsideringtheSumitomofamily’sposition,itcanbeassumedthattheydidnotpurchasethesurroundingfarmlanddirectly,butratherhadOgawaacquiretheland,andthenboughtit.Inaddition,theSumitomofamilyoperatedrentalhousesandsmallfarmsonthenewlypurchasedland,andOgawawasinitiallyresponsibleforcollectinganddeliveringtherent.OgawarecommendedthelandinShishigataniforavillaforthe106

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Sumitomofamily.Tomoitopurchasedthatlandin1913,whichincludedtheareathatOgawahadalreadypurchased.OgawawasinstrumentalintheacquisitionoflandbytheSumitomofamilyinKyoto.Ogawaisagardenerwholedthemoderngardenindustry.However,hewasalsoadeveloperandproducerwhodistributedlandscapingmaterialssuchasgardenstones,actedasarealestatebroker,andhandledvariousdevelopmentprocedures.ThisaspectofOgawacanbeseeninSeifu-so.Seifu-soinArticlesNewspaperarticlesfrom1913KinmochiSaionji,apoliticianofthetime,hadhisvisittoSeifu-soreportedbynewspapers.AreporterwhovisitedthevillawhileKinmochiwasstayingtherefromtheendofMarch1913wrotethefollowingaboutthevillawhileitwasstillunderconstruction.“ThevillageofTanakaisthesameasthatofthecity.Itisahugemansion,about500-600meterseastoftheeastendofDemachiBridge,passingbythesouthsideoftheOtagiCountyOffice,alongabeautifultributaryoftheShirakawabranchRiver,andeventuallyreachingthedirectionoftheHyakumanbenChionji(百万遍知恩寺)Temple.Alargefrontgatefacingtheroadtothewestwastobebuilt,butonlythebeautifulmiddlegatefacingnorthwaswellconstructed.Therewerestillmanyplanters,carpenters,etc.,busywiththeirownbusiness.”Thisarticleindicatesthatastonewallhadbeenconstructedalongthenewlyopenedwestsideofthestreet,andacypresshedgehadbeenbuiltontopofitbythistime.Thereporterseemstohaveknownthattherewereplansforthefrontgatetobebuiltfacingwestandassumesthatabeautifulnorth-facingmiddlegatehasbeenbuiltbecauseitisnotseen.SincetheestimateforthefirstgatewassubmittedinApril1913,thegatethatthereportermentionedasthemiddlegatewasprobablythemaingatethathadjustbeencompletedinMarchofthesameyear.Thereporterlikelyassumedthatthemaingate,whichwasmodest107

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foraresidenceofKinmochi,wasthemiddlegate.AfterenteringSeifu-sothroughthemaingate,thereportermadehiswaytothemainbuilding,butthemainentrancewasnotyetopen,andhewaswelcomedthroughthekitchendooronthenorthside.Hethentookacloserlookattheinteriorofthebrandnewbuilding,describedasfollows:“Itwasanewlybuiltmansion,sothewoodwasfragrant,thetatamimatsintheroomswerelush,andthehardwareonthefittingsdazzledtheeye.TotheleftofthemainentranceistheMarquis’livingroom,nexttoitisthestudy,andnexttothatistheelegantmainroom.Allroomsfacesouthandgetgoodsunlight.Inthegarden,redplumtreesareinfullbloomandawarblercanbeheardsomewhere.Goupstairsfromthestairsnexttotheparlor.Therearealsothreeroomsonthesecondfloor,includingaguestroomandastudy.Thehousehasglasswindowsonallfoursides,andwhenopened,theviewofthe36peaksofHigashiyama,includingMt.HieiandMt.Nyoigatakeintheeast,canbeseeninasingleview.YoucanalsoenjoytheShimogamoforest,Mt.Yoshida,andthehazysceneryofKyoto.ItisanindescribablygoodresidencewheretheheroicandelegantLordToan(陶庵)spendshisquietdaysandmonths.”Althoughthelayoutandnumberofroomsarenotalwaysaccurate,theauthorpraisestheenvironmentandtheviewfromthesunnysouth-sideroomsfacingthegarden,theviewofHigashiyamaandMt.Yoshidafromtheopensecond-floortatamiroom,andtheshrineforestofShimogamo.InMarch1913,therewasstillnodetachedhouse,andtheviewfromthesecondfloorofthemainbuildingwasinalldirections:east,west,north,andsouth[Photo6].OnAugust16ofthesameyear,thedayofthebonfire,TomoitoinvitedtheseniorstaffsofSumitomotoadinnerpartyatSeifu-soandenjoyedtheDaimonjibonfirewiththemintheeast.WecanseethathisconcernforthesurroundingmountainsandnaturewasinheritedfromSeifu-kantoSeifu-so.ForTomoitoandKinmochi,theviewfromSeifu-sowasalandscapethattheysharedwiththeirfamilymemories.108

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Photo.6ViewofMt.Daimonjifromthesecondfloorofthemainbuilding,©SetsukoNakajima.About2weekslater,thereporterrevisitedSeifu-soandreportedindetailabouttheimpeccablequalityofthecompletedgarden.Inaddition,hereportedthatboththegarageandtheattachedhousearenowinfineshape.Asthereporterdescribed,theattachedhousewasstillunderconstruction,buttothereporter’seyes,itmusthaveappearedtobecompleted.Seifu-soaround1914asSeenbyIssoteiNishikawaIssoteiNishikawa(西川一草亭,1878-1938),theseventhiemotooftheKyofu-Ryu(去風流)schoolofflowerarrangement,wasaclosefriendofSaionjiandproducedseveralwritingsaboutSeifu-soandSaionji.Amonghiswritings,“LordSaionjiinTanakavillage,”whichwasincludedinFuryuSeikatsu(風流生活),publishedin1932,providesadetaileddescriptionofSeifu-so,includingthelifeofSaionji.AlthoughthedateofNishikawa’svisittoSeifu-soisnotmentioned,itispresumedtohavebeeninthefirsthalfof1914,sincehereferstoSeifu-soashis“newvilla”andmentionstheSiemensIncidentasarecentevent.InMarchof109

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Photo.7-1PlaquewaswrittenbyLuoZhengyu,陶庵公影譜,p.90,KyotoInstitute,LibraryandArchives.thesameyear,thecabinetofGonbeiYamamotoresignedinthewakeoftheSiemensIncident,andameetingoftheCouncilofElderswascalledinApril.Still,SaionjistayedinKyotoanddidnotattend.Inaddition,justbeforehandingoverthepresidencyoftheSeiyukaitoTakashiHara(原敬)inJune,SaionjiheldameetingwithHaraandSeiyukaiofficialsatSeifu-soandstayedthereforalongtime.Nishikawa’svisitprobablytookplaceduringthisperiod.RegardingtheapproachtoSeifu-so:“IntheapproachforthevillaofLordSaionji,thenewvillawall,consistingofastonewallabout2metersinheightpiledupinazigzagpatternandtoppedwithacypresstrimmedfence,stretchesforalittlemorethan100meters.”ThelongstonewallsandhedgesofSeifu-somadeastrongimpression.Themaingateisdescribedasanelegantgatewithaplaqueonwhichthefourcharactersof“Seifu-sonso(清風村荘)”aredisplayedinwhiteletters.Althoughthethreecharacters“Seifu-so”arecorrect,thereusedtobeaplaqueonthefrontgate[Photo7-1,2].ThiswaswrittenbyZhengyuLuo(羅振玉1866-1940),whowasknownforhisresearchonthecuneiformscript.ThebuildingthatNishikawasawwhenhepassedthroughthemaingateseemedordinarytohim,andhedescribeditas“astandard,normalbuildingwithlittleartisticcharm.”However,hewentontosay,“It’sjustatypicalandordinaryhouse,butitisnotvulgar.”Hedescribes110

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theinteriorcarefully,payingspecialattentiontodetailssuchasthefloorandhangingscrollsasaflowerarrangementartist:“Asyouwalkupthefourandahalf-tatamimatentrance,thereisasix-tatamimatboothontheright,whichlookslikeaparlor,followedbya10-tatamimatroomtothesouthguestroom.AlargeChinawarebrazierwasplacedtokeeptheroomwarm,andasilverhotwaterbottlewassimmering.TherewasahangingscrollofSanyointhealcove.Themorninglightintheroom,theshadowofthecurtainisslanting,washtheinkstoneandtrytodoodle,whetheryouknowtheplayfulthingsinthemorning,thenewlyplantedwinterorchidsdrawaflower(窓納晨光簾影斜、洗硯抜毫試塗鴉、朝来嬉事君知否、新種冬蘭抽一花).Onthesideofthealcove,anoldplumtreewasgrowinginanancientChinesecopperbottleonthebiwapanel.Photo.7-2KimmoSaionjistandinginfrontofthemaingate.Theplaquewasontopofthis,陶庵公影譜,p.90,KyotoInstitute,LibraryandArchives.111

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WhenIopenedthebrightlylitshojiscreen,bathedinthefullglowofthewintersun,Ifoundmyselfinaspaciousgardenwitharatherlargepond,whereIcouldhearthesoundofwaterfallingintothepondthroughthelowmounds.Totheeast,therollingmountainsofHigashiyamaandtheuniversitybuildingscouldbeseenslightlybeyondtheTsukiyama.”Therewasabrazierintheguestroomonthefirstfloorofthemainbuilding,ahangingscrollbyRaiSanyo(頼山陽)onthealcove,acoppervaseonthebiwafloor.ThevasegaveasubtlehintoftheexistenceoftheSumitomofamily,whosemainbusinesswascopper,andofTomoito,whowasacollectorofoldChinesecopperware.ThehangingscrollsofRaiSanyoandthecoppervasearealsomentionedinotherrecords,suchas“ThereisnothingelseintheroomexceptthewidthofSanyo’shangingscrollandthecoppervase,”indicatingthattheywerestandarddecorationsforthedrawingroom.Thereisalsoareferencetothegardenandthelandscapeoutsideit,pointingoutthepondenlargedbyJiheiOgawaVII,thenewlyconstructedhillandwaterfall,andtheexpanseoftheHigashiyamapeaksseenbeyondthetreesinthegarden.AsimilardescriptionwasleftbytheindustrialistandteamasterSoanTakahashi(高橋箒庵),whovisitedSeifu-soinNovember1916.NishikawaalsonotesthatthebuildingsofKyotoImperialUniversitycameintoviewfromSeifu-so.Atthattime,KyotoImperialUniversity,whichhaditscampustotheeastofSeifu-so,hadthemainschool,physicslaboratory,andofficesoftheThirdAdvancedJuniorHighSchool,allbuiltinthelate1800s,aswellasthelawschool,literatureschool,andlibrary,allbuiltaftertheuniversity’sfoundingin1897,allofwhichwerewoodenorbrickbuildingsonetothreestorieshigh.Althoughtheywerenotverytall,theycouldbeglimpsedthroughthetrees.Furtherinfromtheguestroomofthemainbuildingisthelivingroomandstudy,whereSaionjispentmostofhistime.ItissaidthatSaionjionlyallowedhisclosefriendstoenterthisroom;however,112

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Photo.8Eight-tatamimatlivingroominthemainbuilding,©SetsukoNakajima.Nishikawawasalsoinvitedintothisroom.“Nexttothisroom,aneight-tatamimatroomwasusedtostudytheMarquis.Healwaysworeanolderman’scapinthisroomoncolddays,andfrequentlytendedtothebirdsbysettingupfiveorsixbirdcagesbythesunnysouth-facingshojiscreen,feedingthemhimself,ortakingthecagesoutofalong,thinbox.Sometimeshewouldsitinfrontofhisebonydeskinthecornerofthesittingroomwithhisbacktothebookcaseandgazetirelesslyatthegardenthroughtheglass.”Theeight-tatamimatlivingroomhaslargeopeningstothesouthandeast,butthedeepeavesmakeitacalmspace[Photo8].Inthisroom,Saionjitookcareofhishobbyofkeepingbirdsandgazedatthegarden.Itissaidthathesometimeswentoutintothegardenwearingacypresshat.Saionji,whowasatthecenterofpolitics,musthaveenjoyedamomentofquiettimeinthislivingroom,keepinghisdistancefromtheturbulentpoliticalworld.TherearemoredetaileddescriptionsofthislivingroominotherwritingswrittenbyNishikawaunderthepseudonym113

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ofOazaSon-shaShujin(大字村舎主人):“Thespringsunshonethroughthefourshojiscreensbetweenthetworooms,makingtheeight-matroomdazzlinglybright.Therewasadeskmadeofebonyinthebrightroom,wipeddowntolooklikeamirror,andbesidethedeskwasaChinesebrazieronwhichasilverkettleofhotwaterwassimmering.TotherightisanalcovewithapaintingbyItsuun(逸雲)hanginginit.Whenyoulookattheslidingdoorbesidethealcove,youwillseeabout10beautifulsealmaterialsonthetop,whichlooklikefive-coloredjadescutintodiceandslightlylengthened.”Thespringsunlightstreaminginthroughtheshojiscreenbrightlyilluminatestheroom.Itseemsthatbeautifulsealswerelaidoutonthegroundnexttothefloor,andSaionjisaidthatheengravedsealsbyhimself.Thedescriptionof“LordSaionjiofTanakavillage”alsoextendstothesecondfloor:“Therewasasecondfloorabovethisroom.Thesecondfloorwaswarmerthanthisoneandhadabetterview.Thesunshoneintothemiddleoftheroom,makingitwarmasifitwerespring.Hewasabletotakegoodcareofthebirdshere.Thecolderitgot,themorehestayedupstairs.”Theexcellentviewandthewarmthoftheroomarementionedimpressively,anditiswrittenthatSaionjiusedthesecond-floortatamiroomduringthecoldseason.Regardingthetearoom,hesaid,“Theoldlorddoesnotmaketea.Inthecornerofthegarden,therewasateahouseleftbyhisfather,butthedoorwasalwaysclosed.Itseemsthathedidnotlikesuchcomplicatedandtroublesomethings”.Inhislateryears,KinmochiandTomoito’sgrandfatherSanemidevotedhimselftotheteaceremony,anditissaidthatTomoitoinheritedthispassionthemost.AlthoughtheteahouseHoshinsaiwasleftasalegacyoftheTokudaijifamily,Kinmochirarelyusedit.Theteaceremonyroomandtheteagardenareevaluated114

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inEssaysonLordSaionji(随筆西園寺公):“Thesukiyaseemstohavebeenrelocated,butitstilloccupiesanappropriateplaceintheresidence.Thesceneryofthegardenandtheteagardeniselegantandcheerful,unliketheusualteahouses.”ItisthoughtthatTomoito,aleadingteamasterofhisday,hadamoredecisiveinfluenceonthedevelopmentoftheteahousethandidKinmochi.SaionjiatSeifu-soasDescribedbyYoshizoNouchiAfterretiringfromthefrontlineofpoliticsandbecominganelder,SaionjispentmoreandmoretimeatSeifu-sofromaround1916.FormoreinformationonSaionji’slifeatSeifu-soandhowthebuildingwasused,seethememoir,Seifu-soandMemoriesofLordToanbyYoshizoNouchi(野内芳蔵),wholivedatSeifu-soasaSumitomoemployee.NouchiobservedSaionji’sdailylifeatSeifu-soclosely.Intheguestroomofthemainbuilding,therewasa“verysimplewisteria-workedchairandtable,”andSaionjiissaidtohavewelcomedallhisgueststhere.Inthisdrawingroom,SaionjiwelcomedguestssuchasPrinceConnaught,thethirdsonofQueenVictoriaofEngland,theEmperor’senvoys,andscholarsfromKyotoImperialUniversitysuchasKonanNaitoandNaokiKano.Thelivingroomisdescribedas“anexquisiteandrefinedroomwithadeepbrimtoavoidtheraysofthesun”andissaidtohave“thebestviewofthegardeninthehouse.”Beforeconstructingthedetachedhouse,Saionjiusedthisroomashislivingroomandstudy,asdescribedbyNishikawaabove.Still,aftercompletingthedetachedhouse,itseemsthatheuseditexclusivelyformeals.Saionjisometimesdrank“Shimadai,afamoussakebrewedbyChosaemonYamadainFushimi,”andenjoyedwalkinginthegardenfromhere,tipsy.Thelivingroom,accordingtoNouchi,isamemorableroomthatremindsusofSaionji’slife.Fromthesecondfloorofthelivingroom,“Mt.Nyoigatake,thefirstpeakofHigashiyama,canbeseenasifitwereinyourhands,”andwhenthe115

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Photo.9Chestofdrawersforclothinginthenextroomofthemainroominthedetachedhouse,©SetsukoNakajima.DaimonjibonfirewaslitonAugust16,“theblazingfirecouldbeseenclearlyinthesilenceanddarkness.”ThedetachedhouseisthebuildingwhereSaionjispentmostofhistime.Thetatamiroomonthefirstfloorwasusedasastudy,anditissaidthatSaionjispentmuchofhistimetherereading,writing,andengravingseals.Nouchiwroteaboutthebuildingasfollows:“Theeight-tatamimatroomdownstairswastheoldlord’slivingquarters,andinthenextroom,whichwasthesamesizeasthefirstroom,chestsofdrawerswereneatlyfitted.Adjacenttotheroomtherewasanannexedroomwherepropswerestored.Theglassintheslidingdoorsatthebalconywasacustom-madeVuaitaglassmadeinSwitzerlandtoallowultravioletraystopenetrate,whichIrecallbeingdoneattherequestofthepreviouspatriarch[Tomoito].”Fromthistext,weknowthattherewasachestofdrawersforclothinginthenextroom,andthatasmallroomonthenorthsideofthetatamiroomwasusedasaspacefororganizingarrangementsand116

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smalltools[Photo9].Inaddition,theglassusedfortheexteriorfittingswasaspecialSwiss-madeglassthatallowedultravioletraystopassthrough,andNouchiwastoldthatitwasinstalledwithgreatcarebyTomoito.Atthattime,exposuretoultravioletrayswasthoughttobegoodforone’shealth,anditisbelievedthatthiswasdoneoutofconcernforSaionji.Inaddition,abasketofbirdsthatSaionjihadkeptwashungonthesouthporch,withbonsaitreesarrangedunderneath.Saionjiwasparticularlyfondofthepotsoforchids,whichhecarefullytendedeveryday.Whatabouttheotherbuildings?ThefirstandsecondfloorsofthestorehousewerefilledwithbooksbySaionji,whowasavoraciousreader,includingolddocumentsandJapanese,Chinese,andWesterntexts.ItissaidthatSaionjiknewpreciselywherethesebookswerestoredandsometimesinstructedOkitsutosendhimbooksfromthestorehouseofSeifu-so.TheteahouseseemstohavebeenusedasastationforthemilitarypoliceandpoliceofficerswhosometimesguardedSaionji.Nouchirecallsthattheteahousewasusedinanunfortunateway,withelectricbellsandlightswired,sabersproppeduponthefloor,andcigarettessmokedonthehearth.Therewasabuildingcalled“Hyakusho-ya(百姓屋)”neartheteahousethatwasdemolishedwhenImadegawaStreetwasopened.Saionjinamedit“Eizan-tei(叡山亭),”andusedtoresthereduringhiswalksandlookoutatMt.HieiandHigashiyama.Saionji’sdailylifeatSeifu-soconsistedofreadingandenjoyinghishobbiesinthedetachedhouse,eatinginthelivingroom,servingguests,andconductingofficialbusinessintheguestroom.StrollinginthegardenandgazingatHigashiyamawasalsoapartofSaionji’slife.ChangesintheEnvironmentSurroundingSeifu-soWhenSeifu-kanwasestablished,Tanakavillagewassaidtobe“aremoteareainthesuburbswheretherewerepeoplewhoopposedtheestablishmentofavilla.”Afterthat,theareaaroundSeifu-kanwascoveredwithricefields,exceptforafewfarmingvillagesandothersalong117

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ShimogamoShrineShokoku-jiTempleSeifu-soKyoroImperialUniversityKyotoImperialPalaceKamoRiverYoshidaShrineHeian-jinguShrineFig.7LatestKyotocitymap(最新京都市街地図)、1920,InternationalResearchCenterforJapaneseStudies.theroad,untilthemiddleoftheMeijiera.Seifu-kanwasalsoattachedto2acresoffields,anditisthoughtthatSeifu-kanblendedintotherurallandscape.TheareabegantochangefromtheendoftheMeijiera(1868-1912)totheTaishoera(1912-1926).Thearea’surbanizationstartedfromthewestside,nearthecenterofKyoto,alongShirakawaRoadthatrunsnorthofSeifu-so.IssoteiNishikawadescribeshowhousesforrentwerebeingbuiltonthenorthsideofSeifu-so,encroachingonthefields.“Ontheleftsideoftheroad,100-200metersaftercrossingtheDemachiBridgeintheKamoRiver,therewerestillvegetableandleekfieldsbetweenthenewhousesforrentthathadbeenbuilt.”InadditiontourbanizationacrosstheKamoRiverfromthe118

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Kyotocitysidetothewest,educationalinstitutionssuchasKyotoImperialUniversitywereestablishedtotheeast,andanewcitywasbeingbornaroundSeifu-so[Fig.7].In1889,whentheThirdAdvancedJuniorHighSchoolwasnewlybuiltinYoshidavillage,eastofTanakavillage,housesforrentandrestaurantswerebuiltoneafteranotherinanticipationofthedevelopmentofthelandinYoshidavillage,whichuntilthen,hadbeenaruralareawithonlyshrinehousesandprivatehousesinthevicinityoftheYoshidaShrinegate.ThiswasfollowedbytheestablishmentoftheKyotoImperialUniversityin1897,therelocationoftheprefecturaljuniorhighschool(latertheprefecturalfirstjuniorhighschool,nowtheprefecturalRakuhokuHighSchool)toKonoe-cho,Yoshida(thepresentsiteofKonoeJuniorHighSchool)inthesameyear,andtheopeningoftheKyotoInstituteofTechnologyin1902inIzumidono-cho,Yoshida.Inaddition,in1907,theMunicipalSchoolofArtsandCraftswasrelocatedtoYoshidaKamiAdachi-cho(present-daysiteofthe4thKinrinElementarySchool).Twoyearslater,theMunicipalCollegeofPaintingwasnewlyestablishedinapartoftheschoolbuilding.SincethemiddleoftheMeijiperiod,educationalinstitutions,includinguniversities,havebeenconcentratedintheareaadjacenttotheeastandsouthofSeifu-so,andthesitehasbeenrapidlyurbanized.TheKyotoTextileCompanywasestablishedattheeastendoftheKojinBridgein1887,alongwiththeKamigyoFactoryofKaneboCo.Therearemanyfactoriesinthearea,suchastheKamigyofactoryofKanebo,locatednorthoftheSosuiRiver.ItispointedoutthatthesechimneyscouldbeseenfromSeifu-so.In1916,Saionjihimselfsaid,“Surroundedbychimneysonallsides,oldtreesaregraduallydeclining,whichistrulyanunavoidablenuisanceaspoisonousofcivilizationisgrowingstrongerinthisenvironment[Photo10].”Astheurbanareaexpanded,TanakavillagewasincorporatedintoKyotocityin1918.Afterthat,modernizationprojectscontinued,andthewideningofHigashiojiStreetbeganinthelateTaishoera.HigashiojiStreetwaswidenedtotheHyakumanbenareainthenorth,andatram119

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Photo.10ViewoftheeastfromthewestofSeifu-so.Therearethreechimneysinthemiddle.Beyondit,theclocktowerofKyotoImperialUniversitycanbeseen,TakenbetweenMarch15,1930andJune30,1931,KyotoCityLibraryofHistoricalDocuments.wasopenedin1928.ThewideningofImadegawaStreetin1931wasadecisiveeventthatchangedtheenvironmentofSeifu-so.ImadegawaStreethadalreadybeenconstructedbywideningShirakawaRoadfromHyakumanbentotheeast,andtramswerealreadyrunning.ThenewroadconnectingHyakumanbentoImadegawaStreetwestoftheKamoRiverwastopassthroughtheSeifu-sosite.Atthesametime,atramwaslaidonthisroad,andtheSekiden-chostopwaslocatedsouthofSeifu-so[Fig.8].ManyofthewritingsfromthisperiodonwardareconcernedaboutthesecularizedenvironmentsurroundingSeifu-so:“Therewerewheatfieldsandbeanfieldsinthevicinity,andinthemidstofthesewheatfieldsandbeanfields,therewasanenclosureoftrimmedhedgesandbambooKenninjifencessurroundingdensegardentreesthatcouldbeseenfrom100-200metersaway.ButnowthevillageofTanakahasbeenrenamedsomehowtown,andtrainsandcarsrunoutsidethewalls.Whatatrashytownithasbecome!”Thiswaswrittenin1934.TokukiAndo,whovisitedSeifu-soattheendofthe1930s,alsowrote,“Thecreakingsoundoftrainssometimesechoesintheprecincts,whichhavebecomesecularizedanddividedneighborhoods.Inaddition,theWright-stylearchitectureoftheapartmentbuildinginfrontofSeifu-soisdetrimentaltothetranquilatmosphereandunsuitable,whichisgreatlyregretted.”In1919,Saionjibuiltanewvilla,Zagyo-so,inOkitsu,Shizuoka120

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KyoroImperialUniversityHeian-jinguShrineSeifu-soShimogamoShrineKamoRiverKyotoImperialPalaceShokoku-jiTempleFig.8GreatKyotocitymap(大京都市街地図),1932,ImmediatelyaftertheopeningofImadegawaStreet.AstreetcarrunssouthofSeifu-so,InternationalResearchCenterforJapaneseStudies.Prefecture,wheretheclimatewasmild,andbegantoliveinKyotointhespringandautumnwhentheweatherwasgood,andinOkitsuduringtherestoftheyear.Fromthenon,Saionji’sresidencewasdescribedasfollows:“Fromthestandpointofthepresentsituation,Okitsuwashismainresidence,Kyotowashisvilla,Tokyowashistemporaryoffice,andGotembawasadetachedroomofOkitsu.”Saionji’sadvancedagemayhavebeenoneofthereasonswhyheavoidedKyoto,wheretheweatherwasverycoldandhot.Still,ashewrote,“AfterthedustofthecitycovereduptheaddressesinbothEastandWestKyoto,IreturnedtoSurugadaionlyonoccasionalbusinessandlookedbackonTanaka[Seifu-so]onlyforamonthinlateautumn.”ThesecularizationoftheenvironmentsurroundingSeifu-soalsokeptSaionjiawayfromSeifu-so.WhilepraisingthebambooandmossofSeifu-so,hesaid,“Rakuhoku-so(洛北荘)(Seifu-so)inKyotoisdark.”HestayedatSeifu-soforabout2monthsfromSeptember1932,hislaststay.OnNovember24,1940,KinmochiSaionjipassedawayatZagyo-soinOkitsuattheageof91years.121

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DonationtoKyotoImperialUniversityHistoryofthedonationasseeninthe“HanedaToruDiary”AfterSaionjidiedin1940,Seifu-sowasleftalmostunusedexceptfordailymanagementbythestewardrelatedtoSaionji.TomoitohadalreadypassedawayinMarch1926,butSeifu-socontinuedtobemaintainedbytheSumitomofamilyastheirproperty.In1944,4yearsafterKinmochi’sdeath,Seifu-sowasdonatedtoKyotoImperialUniversity.ToruHaneda(羽田亨,1882-1955),the12thpresidentoftheuniversityfromNovember1938toNovember1945,expressedhiswishtotakeoverSeifu-sototheSumitomofamily,whoagreed.InthebookSumitomoShunsui,thefollowingisbrieflydescribed:“In1944,theSumitomofamilydonatedSeifu-sotoKyotoImperialUniversity.ThiswasdueinparttotheenthusiasmofKinmochi,whowasMinisterofEducationatthetime,fortheestablishmentoftheuniversity,andinparttotheeagernessoftheuniversityauthoritiestopreservetheresidenceofKinmochiSaionji,anhonorablestatesman,topassonhisvirtuesasalivingteachingtool.”SaionjiplayedavitalroleinthefoundingofKyotoImperialUniversity.In1895,whenhewasMinisterofEducationinthesecondItoCabinet,headvocatedtheestablishmentofKyotoImperialUniversity.Thenextyear,theNinthImperialDietpassedabudgetproposaltoestablishKyotoImperialUniversityandmedicalschool.KyotoImperialUniversityopenedin1897.ItseemsthatHaneda’sideawastotakeoverSeifu-sofromSaionji,whohadbeeninstrumentalinestablishingKyotoImperialUniversity,andmakeitaspiritualhomeforeducationandresearchtohonorhisachievements.ThedonationwascarefullydiscussedbetweenHanedaandtheSumitomofamily,andittookmorethan1.5yearsbeforeadecisionwasmade.TheprocessisdetailedinthediaryleftbyHaneda(羽田亨日記).HanedaconsultedwithJunKawada(川田順,1882-1941),aformer122

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executiveofSumitomo,aboutSeifu-so.AfterheretiredfromthebusinessworldandSumitomoin1936,KawadalivedinKyotoasapoet.Atthattime,hehadahouseinOgura-cho,Kita-Shirakawa,nearKyotoImperialUniversity,andwasincontactwithfacultymembers.ItisassumedthatHanedaplannedtohaveKawadaactasago-betweenfortheSumitomofamily.During1942,oratthelatestbeforethebeginningof1943,heconsultedwithKawadaregardinghiswishtodonateSeifu-so.OnMarch29,1943,Kawada’sresponsetotheSumitomoexecutivewasthathewantedtoreconfirmHaneda’sintentions.Haneda’swishesdidnotchange,andonApril12ofthesameyear,inadditiontothedonation,heaskedKawadatoconsiderthemaintenancecostsofSeifu-so.Inbothcases,HanedavisitedKawadatodiscussthematter.Afterthat,onSeptember5ofthesameyear,hereceivedaninterimreportfromKawada,whohemetattheEastAsiaLiteratureConferenceheldattheKyotoHotel.However,itwasnotuntilMarchof1944,morethanhalfayearlater,thathewroteaboutSeifu-soinhisdiary.OnMarch3,KawadarequestedameetingwithHaneda.WhenHanedavisitedKawadathenextday,hereceivedanofficialresponsefromtheSumitomofamilyandSumitomo’sintentions.InthediarydatedMarch4,Hanedawrote,“Althoughmanydayshavepassedsincetheapplicationwasmade,iftheuniversity’swishesremainunchanged(omission),wewouldliketodonateSeifu-soandtheareainfrontofthecargaragetotheuniversity.”Iftherewerenochangeintheuniversity’sidea,theSumitomofamilywoulddonatethesiteofSeifu-soonthenorthsideofImadegawaStreetandthelandoftheautomobilegarageonthewestside.Hanedarespondedwithjoy,saying,“Istillhavethesamehope,andifthedonationismade,IwouldbedelightedtoacceptitandwouldliketobringtherelationshipbetweenKyotoUniversityandtheoldlord,aswellashisvirtuesasanuprightpolitician,totheeducationofstudents.”OnMarch16,KeijiroKitazawa(北沢敬二郎),ExecutiveDirectorofSumitomo,and123

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TorataroIwao(巌寅太郎),amemberoftheGeneralAffairsDepartment,visitedtheuniversityandformallyproposedthedonationofSeifu-so.AccordingtohistoricaldocumentsheldbyKyotoUniversity,“BaronKichizaemonofSumitomo”(Tomonari(友成)16th)submittedan“applicationfordonation”tothepresidentonApril30,andtheofficialproceduresfordonationbegan.InMay,theGeneralAffairsDepartmentofSumitomoCorporation’sheadofficeandtheuniversity’sAccountingDepartmentexchangedinformationontheregistrationoflandandbuildings,thelocationandareaoftheland,andtheplans,area,yearsbuilt,andfacilities.Preparationsforthedonationwereprocessedinsuchaway.OnMay25,theUniversityCouncilapprovedthedonation.AtthebeginningofJune,anapplicationforthedonationofthelandandbuildingsofSeifu-sowassubmittedtotheMinisterofEducation.Thelandconsistedof3,345.273tsuboofresidentiallandand660.062tsubooffarmland,foratotalof4,005.335tsubo(13,242squaremeters).Thebuildingsweredescribedas“theoldmainbuilding,”“thenewbuilding,”“theresidence,barn,andlavatory,”“theguardstation,waitingroom,andcook’slounge,”“thestorehouse,”“theteahousewithanannex,”“theteahouse,”“thebarn,”“thepeasanthouse,”and“thegarage”.Thefollowingreasonsforthedonationaccompaniedthedocuments.StatementofreasonsforreceiptofdonationThelandandbuildingsinquestionwereusedformanyyearsastheKyotoresidenceofthelateDukeKinmochiSaionjiandhavebeenkeptintheSumitomoBaronialHousesincethedeathoftheDukeandarelocatedclosetotheUniversity.ThelateDukehasalwaysbeenanadvocateoftheestablishmentoftheUniversityandwasMinisterofEducationatthetimeofitsfounding.Inresponsetothedonationrequest,wewillcommemoratetherelationshipbetweenLordSaionjiandtheuniversityanduseSeifu-soappropriatelyforfacultymeetingsandstudenteducation.Theuniversityalsohopesthatthefieldswillcontinuetobecultivatedbystudentsastheyarenow,andthattheywillcontributetoincreasedfoodproduction.124

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Inresponse,permissionwasgrantedbytheMinisterofEducation,NagakageOkabe(岡部長景),onJune10,andthepropertywashandedoverfromtheSumitomofamilyonJune16.Theregistrationwascompletedalittlelater,onAugust19.InthedocumentfromtheMinisterofEducation’ssecretariattotheUniversity,thedonatedlandandbuildingweredescribedas“atrainingcenterforstudentsandameetingplaceforstaff,”whichconfirmstheintentionoftheMinistryofEducation.Thus,Seifu-sowastakenoverbyKyotoImperialUniversity.UnveilingofSeifu-soonthe47thFounders’DayOnJune18,1944,theanniversaryoftheUniversity’sfounding,apartywasheldtounveilSeifu-sototheuniversitycommunity.PresidentHanedahimselfworkedhardtopreparefortheevent.FromthebeginningofJune,whentheMinisterofEducationhadnotyetgiventheuniversity’spermission,HanedawentaroundtotheownerstorequesttheuseofKinmochi’scalligraphytobedisplayedinSeifu-so.OnJune8,heinvitedthefatherandsonoftheHorinouchiSosho(堀内宗匠)fromtheOmotesenke(表千家)SchooltoSeifu-sotodiscusstheteaceremony.ItcanbeseenfromhisactionsthattheacquisitionofSeifu-sowasagreatjoyforHaneda.OnthedaybeforetheanniversaryofthefoundingoftheUniversity,inaninterviewwithanewspaperreporterinthepresident’soffice,HanedasaidthefollowingaboutthedonationofSeifu-so.Itislong,butIwouldliketoquoteithere.“IwasdelightedtoreceiveagenerousofferfromtheSumitomofamilytodonatetheirvillatotheuniversity.IhavetakenthenecessarystepstohaveitapprovedasgovernmentpropertybytheMinistryofEducation.IthadbeenaregrettablesituationthattherewasonlyoneuniversityinJapanduringhistimeasMinisterofEducation,andhetookvariouseffortstoestablishthisuniversity,butinaccordancewithhiswishforacomprehensiveuniversitywithuniquecharacteristicssuitableforKyoto,thecenterofculture,thefounding125

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Photo.11Plaque“Seishu-kan(静修館)”writtenbySaionji,KyotoUniversityLibrary,©KoichiInoguchi.ofthisuniversitywasfinallyrealizedin1896.In1899,hedonatedadyedbrushwiththename“Seishu-kan(静修館)”totheuniversitylibrary,andthefactthatDr.YorozuOda(織田萬),thefirststudentfromouruniversitytostudyabroad,wasinvitedtohisresidencewhenhedepartedfromtheUniversityindicatesDuke’saffectionfortheuniversity.Althoughthespecificuseofthebuildinghasnotyetbeendecided,itcanbeusedinvariousways,suchasaguesthouse,ameetingplaceforprofessors,aretreatforstudents,oramemorialhallforLordSaionji.Inanycase,IhopeitwillserveasalastingmemorialtotheDuke’sassociationwithKyotoandasareminderofhisdignity,anappropriateuseinatimeofwar.”BeforetheofficialannouncementonJune18,thebackgroundofthedonation,therelationshipbetweenSaionjiandtheUniversity,andplansforfutureusewererevealedinthenewspaper.Thename“Seishukan”mentionedinthearticlewasgivenbySaionjiasthenameofthemainbuildingoftheuniversitylibrarywhenitwasestablishedattheendof1899(Meiji32).TheplaquewrittenbySaionjiisstilldisplayedonthesecondfloorofKyotoUniversityLibrary[Photo11].The47thanniversaryceremonywasheldintheClockTowerAuditoriumat09:30onJune18,followedbytheunveilingofSeifu-sointheafternoon.TheentranceofSeifu-sowasdecoratedwithaplaquereading“Seishu-kan,”anddocumentssuchasSaionji’sbelongings,hiscalligraphy,andrecordsofhisfriendshipwithKonanNaitowere126

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displayed.Thepresidentandotherprofessorsandassistantprofessorstouredthebuilding,garden,andexhibitsofSeifu-so.Itisrecordedthat137peoplewereinattendance.Inhisdiaryoftheday,Hanedawrotethefollowing:“Itwastheanniversaryofourfounding.Weheldtheceremonyinwrappedleggings.Unfortunately,wecouldnotpreparethetraditionallunchunderthecurrentcircumstances.Theairraidwarningwasliftedat12:30.Seifu-sowasunveiledat13:00.IborroweddozensofcalligraphicworksofMasterToanfromvariouspeopleanddisplayedthem.TheonlytreatwasthatIwasabletoservetothevisitors,withthehelpofMasterHorinouchi,wasgreentea.”Theanniversaryceremonyin1944washeldduringanairraidwarning.Theshadowofthewarwasalsofeltinrelatedevents.TheunveilingceremonyofKunitaroSuda(須田国太郎)’s“StudentsGoingtoBattle,”whichdepictsthestudents’send-offceremonyonNovember20ofthepreviousyear,washeldintheauditoriumoftheheadquarterswhereitwasdisplayed.TheunveilingofSeifu-sotookplaceamidstthegloomyatmospherethatcoveredtheuniversity.Onthefollowingday,June19,thegeneraldirector,managingdirector,andmanageroftheSumitomofamilyandJunKawadawereinvitedtoSeifu-sotointroducetheunveilingdisplayandexpresstheirgratitudeforservingdinnerinthegeneraldirector’shouse.Inthisdarktimeofintensifyingwarandstrengtheningwartimeregime,thethoughtfulunveilingatSeifu-somusthavecomefromPresidentHaneda’sstrongdesiretopreservethehopeoftheuniversity’searlydays.Seifu-sointheDaysofPresidentToruHanedaHaneda’sdiaryconfirmsthatSeifu-so,whichbecameafacilityofKyotoImperialUniversity,wasusedformeetingsoftheMinisterofEducationandotherguestsrelatedtotheMinistryofEducation,andforinterviewsanddiscussionswithfacultydeans.OnJuly8,1944,he127

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metwithHiroshiNagai(永井浩)oftheMinistryofEducationatSeifu-so,writing,“hewasthefirstpersonfromtheMinistryofEducationtoseeSeifu-so,andhefrequentlypraisedit.”Afterthat,whenHanedawaspresident,hewelcomedthreesuccessiveministersofeducation,NagakageOkabe,HarushigeNinomiya(二宮治重),andKozoOta(太田耕造),toSeifu-soandsharedmealswiththem.HanedaalsometwithotherdignitariesoutsidetheuniversityatSeifu-so,includingthevicepresidentoftheJapanEducationAssociation,theheadoftheKyotoPrefecturalPoliceDepartment,theheadoftheAgricultureandForestryDepartment,andafterthewar,theheadoftheEndoftheWarLiaisonOffice.Asforinternaluse,itisknownthatHanedaheldinformalmeetingsabouttheuniversityadministrationatSeifu-so.AboutayearafterthedonationofSeifu-so,Hanedaresignedaspresident.Onhisbirthday,May15,1945,HanedasecretlygatheredthedeansandsecretariesofvariousfacultiesatSeifu-soandinformedthemofhisresignation.Inhisdiary,hewrote,“Todayismybirthday,andpeopleconsideroversixtyyearsoldtobeold,butnowthatIhavereachedsixty-three,Iamembarrassedtobeseeninthesameway.Onthesameday,IhelddiscussionsaboutmyresignationwiththedeansandthesecretariesatSeifu-so.”Thediscussioncontinueduntilafter18:00thatday.Onthe24thofthesamemonth,HanedaandthesevendeansdiscussedthismatteratSeifu-so.UntilaroundNovember,whenRisaburoTorigai(鳥養利三郎)wasappointedasthenextpresident,Hanedacontinuedtodiscusswhethertoproceedaspresidentwithvariouspeople.OnOctober30,1945,whenthecabinetapprovedHaneda’sresignationaspresident,andonNovember27ofthesameyear,whenaceremonywasheldtoreplacetheoldandnewpresidents,HanedawasalsoatSeifu-so.Ontheeveningofthe27th,adinnerpartywasheldatSeifu-soforthetwopresidentsandthedeansofthedepartments.Seifu-soservedastheuniversity’sguesthouseandalsoasaplaceforHanedatohavefriendlydiscussionsandpreliminarymeetings128

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awayfromthepresident’sofficeattheuniversityheadquarters.AvoidingguestsatSeifu-so,Hanedathoughtabouttheaddressforthegraduationceremonyandworkedonthedraftoftheinstruction.Duringthisperiod,HanedaalsodevotedhimselftothemaintenanceofSeifu-so.Innegotiatingforthedonation,HanedarepeatedlyexpressedtoJunKawadahiswishtoreceiveadonationfromtheSumitomofamilyforthemaintenancecostsaswell.InMay1945,HanedahimselfvisitedGeneralDirectorKitazawaatSumitomo’sheadofficeinOsakaandaskedforadonationdirectly.Ashewaitedforareply,thewarended,theSumitomofamilyfacedadifficulttime,andtimepassedwithoutadecisiononthedonationofmaintenanceexpenses.AttheendofOctober,whenHanedametwithChobeiTakeda(武田長兵衛)ofTakedaPharmaceuticalCompanyatSeifu-so,hewaspermittedtousetheremainderofTakeda’sdonationtotheNanpouKenkyukai(南方研究会)fortheuniversity’sbenefit,andhedecidedtodonatepartofthemoneytotheuniversityforthemaintenanceofSeifu-so.Inparallel,HanedawasthinkingofsettingupacommitteetomaintaintheuniversityandSeifu-so.OnSeptember25,1945,hevisitedProfessorIsaoNamikawa(並河功)(DeanoftheFacultyofAgriculture)todiscusstheplan.HeaskedhimtoincludeProfessorEitaroSekiguchi(関口鍈太郎)(Landscape)andProfessorKeiichiMorita(森田慶一)(Architecture).OnMarch15ofthefollowingyear,the“RegulationsfortheLandscapeandMaintenanceCommittee”andthe“RegulationsfortheSeifu-soManagementCommittee”wereenacted.TheSeifu-soManagementCommitteewasestablishedsimultaneously.Accordingtothedocumentsleftattheuniversity,thefivecommitteemembers,appointedonDecember24,1946,wereHaneda,JiroMurata(村田二郎)(Architecture),aprofessoroftheFacultyofEngineering,andtheaforementionedNamikawa,Sekiguchi,andMorita.Inthisway,themanagementsystemofSeifu-sowasputinplace.129

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AvoidingConfiscationbytheGeneralHeadquarters(GHQ)OneofthechallengesthatoccurredattheuniversityimmediatelyaftertheendofthewarwastherequestfromtheOccupationForcestoborrowfacilities,orwhatiscalled“confiscation.”Seifu-sowasoneofthefacilitiestobeconfiscated.OnSeptember1,1945,beforetheconfiscationofSeifu-sowasdiscussed,theheadoftheKyotoPrefecturalPoliceDepartmentaskedtheuniversityifitwouldbepossibletorentSeifu-soasaplaceforChenGongbo,ZhouBokhai,andotherswhohadcometoJapanasrefugeesfromtheNanjinggovernmenttostayinKyoto.Inresponse,Hanedareplied,“There’saproblemwithrentingoutgovernment-ownedbuildings,”andherefused.Afterthat,thereweremanyinquiriesaboutborrowing,butHanedarejectedthembynotresponding.OnSeptember22,theKyotoSecretariatfortheEndoftheWarLiaisonOfficewasofficiallyestablishedintheKyotoPrefecturalGovernment.OnSeptember25,theU.S.SixthArmyfinallybegantoenterKyoto.Manybuildingsinthecitywereconfiscated.TheFirstCorpsoftheSixthArmyheadquarterswaslocatedintheDaikenBuilding(nowCoconKarasuma)onShijo-KarasumaStreet.Thefollowingyear,theMilitaryAdministrationDepartmentwasestablishedinthemainpartoftheKyotoPrefecturalGovernmentBuilding.InadditiontoSeifu-so,thefollowingfacilitieswereconfiscatedfromKyotoImperialUniversity:RakuyuKaikan(楽友会館),KasanObservatory(花山天文台),theInstituteforWesternCulture(nowtheInstituteforGermanStudies),thetrainingforestinKamigamo,theShimogamoSpecialResearchInstituteforMeteorology,andtheInstituteforEasternCulture(nowtheResearchCenterforEastAsianHumanitiesandInformatics,InstituteforHumanities,KyotoUniversity).TheGHQ,inprinciple,didnotconfiscateeducationalfacilities.Still,itdidconfiscatelandandbuildingsthatweredeemedtohavelittlerelationtoeducation.TheKasanObservatory,whichwasconfiscatedinOctober1945,wasimmediately130

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releasedfromconfiscationinJanuaryofthefollowingyear.ThetrainingforestinKamigamowasconfiscatedasagolfcoursefortheOccupationForces(nowtheKyotoGolfClubKamigamoCourse).Inaddition,partofthelandoftheShimogamoMeteorologicalResearchInstituteintheBotanicalGarden,whichwasleasedfromKyotoPrefecture,wasconfiscated.AcardepotfortheOccupationForceswasbuiltonthepremisesoftheInstituteforEasternCulture.Onlytwofacilities,RakuyuKaikanandtheWesternCultureResearchInstitute,confiscatedtheirentirelandandbuildings.WhataboutSeifu-so?TheOccupationForcesrelentlesslypressuredthegovernmenttoseizeSeifu-so,andtherewaseventalkofcuttingdownthepillars,painting,andbuildingaswimmingpoolinthegarden.However,Seifu-sobarelyescapedconfiscation,thankstotheenthusiasticpetitionfromtheuniversity.OnNovember26,1946,PresidentTorigaisentapetitionentitledProcurementofSeifu-sototheKyotoPostCommand[Photo12].ThepetitionexplainedthehistoryofSeifu-soasPhoto.12ProcurementofSeifu-sototheKyotoPostCommandandReplyfromtheKyotoPostCommand,KyotoUniversityArchives.131

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avillaofKinmochiSaionji,thevalueofitsexcellentarchitectureandgarden,andthehistoryoftheuniversity’scarefulmanagementanduseofthepropertybyestablishingamanagementcommittee.Inaddition,thereportstressedthenecessityofusingSeifu-soasauniversityfacilityasitbecamedifficulttosecureavenueforconferencesandresearchmeetingsafterRakuyuKaikanwasconfiscatedinSeptember1945.Insupportoftheirpetition,theyattachedalistofthe68usesofSeifu-sosinceJuly1,1946,andawrittenexplanationofSeifu-so,showingthecarefulworkoftheuniversityinpreparingthepetition.Thedescriptionexplainsthebasisforthevalueofthearchitecture,citingthematerialsandtechniquesused,aswellastheevaluationofthegarden,includingtheexistenceofvaluableKoreanlanterns.Inaddition,theauthordidnotneglecttoadddepthtothehistoricalandculturalvalueofthegardenbyinterjectingthehistoryofvisitsfromthePrinceofWalesandtheformerCrownPrinceofRussia.TheKyotoPostCommand’sresponsetothepetitionwasswift:theuniversityreceivedareplyonDecember2[Photo12].InalettertoPresidentTorigai,ArmyInfantryColonelMerlL.Broderickwrote,“Iampleasedtoadviseyouthatforthetimebeingatleast,theUnitedStatesArmyofOccupationwillnotissueaprocurementdemandfordescribedbuilding.Icanreadilyunderstandtheconcernofyourselfandothersinmaintainingthisstructureasamatterofhistoricalinterestaswellasameetingplaceforthoseconnectedwiththeuniversity,andtrustthatthiswillinameasurerelieveyouofanyanxietycaused.”Fromthedocumentsleftattheuniversity,itisclearthatthepetitioneffectivelyavoidedtheconfiscationofSeifu-so.Still,bythen,PresidentTorigaiandotheruniversityofficialshadrepeatedlytakenactionstopreventtheconfiscation,suchasvisitingthesectioninchargeoftheconfiscationandthecommandingofficeroftheOccupationForcesandtalkingdirectlytothem.PresidentTorigaisaidofthosedays,“Carpentersevencameinwithscalestomakemodifications.Intheend,Ihadadirectdiscussionwiththecommanderfortwohours.”Inaddition,132

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thepresidentandadministrativestaffpersonallyresearchedthehistory,value,andpasteventsofSeifu-so,explainedthemtotheOccupationForces,andaskedforsupportfromacquaintancesandgraduateswhowereinsidetheheadquarters.ItisbelievedthattheOccupationForcesfinallygaveuptheideaofseizingtheuniversityafteralltheseefforts.Theuniversityhadbeenplanningotherstrategiesinadditiontonegotiationsandpetitions.KinsakuNakane(中根金作),awell-knownlandscapearchitectandgardenresearcher,recalledthatwhenhewasengagedintheadministrationofculturalpropertiesinKyotoPrefecture,hewasconsultedbythedirectoroftheuniversityofficeonhowtopreventtheconfiscationofSeifu-so,andafterconsultingwiththespecialistsoftheProtectionDivisionoftheMinistryofEducation,designatedtheSeifu-soGardenasanassetofnationalscenicbeauty.Inotherwords,thegardenwasdesignatedasaculturalassettoescapeconfiscation.SinceNakanedescribesthestorywithspecificnamesandsaysthatitisan“unforgettablememory”forhim,wecanconsiderithighlycredible.ThedesignationofSeifu-soGardenasaplaceofscenicbeautywasmadeinJune1951,afterthenotificationnottoconfiscatethepropertyhadbeenreceived.Still,itisbelievedthatthepreparationsforthedesignationasaculturalassetweremadeevenbeforethat,resultinginthedesignationinJune1951.In1950,thecomprehensiveLawfortheProtectionofCulturalPropertieswasenactedtoprotectculturalproperties.SinceSeifu-sowasdesignatedasanassetofnationalscenicbeautywithinayearoftheenactmentofthelaw,itcanbeassumedthatalthoughpreparationsforthedesignationofthesiteasaculturalpropertyhadalreadybeencompleted,asitwaspositionedasaculturalpropertybasedonthenewlawafteritsenactment.TheunofficialannouncementofthedesignationbyKyotoPrefecturewasmadeonMay15,1947.Nakanepointedoutthat“thisledtothedesignationofseveralMeijieragardensasscenicbeautyspots.”ThedesignationofSeifu-soasascenicbeautyspot,whichwasconceivedasawaytoavoidconfiscation,becamethepioneerofthedesignationofmoderngardensasculturalassets.133

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Alotofpersistenceanddirectadvocacybythedirectorandhisofficestaff,acarefullypreparedpetition,andtheunprecedenteddesignationasaculturalassetshowthestrongdesireoftheuniversitytoavoidtheconfiscationofSeifu-so.ThiswasanactofrespectfornotonlytheSumitomofamily,whichhaddonatedtheproperty,butalsoSaionjiKinmochi,whohadworkedhardtoestablishtheuniversity.ItalsoshowsthatSeifu-sowasanimportantplacefortheuniversity.InthelistofusesattachedtothepetitiontoGHQ,academicsocieties,researchgroups,andinternalandexternalcommitteeswerelisted.Still,therewerealsootherusesuniquetoSeifu-so.OnMarch18,1946,areceptionwasheldatSeifu-sofortheU.S.EducationalMission,thefirstpostwarforeigndelegationtoJapan.AreceptionbroughttogetherthebestofKyoto’straditionalculture,includingateaceremonybySenSoshitsu(千宗室)(Tantansai(淡々斎))andseatedpaintingsbyShokoUemura(上村松篁),TomimaroHiguchi(樋口富麻呂),andothers.Inaddition,TsutomuIjima(井島勉)ledthe“Tenseki-kai(転石会),”agatheringofliteraryfiguressuchasKazuoKikuchi(菊池一雄),KunitaroSuda,ShokoUemura,HeihachiroFukuda(福田平八郎),ChikkyoOno(小野竹喬),ShinsenTokuoka(徳岡神泉),RyoheiKoiso(小磯良平),painters,TeiichiOyama(大山定一)(Germanliterature),RyoichiIkushima(生島遼一)(Frenchliterature),andYasushiInoue(井上靖),whowasworkingfortheMainichiNewspapersatthetime,whichhasbeenheldatSeifu-sosincetheyearfollowingtheendofthewar.Seifu-sowasaplacewherepeoplewithvariousbackgroundsfrombothinsideandoutsidetheuniversitycouldmeetandtalk,awayfromthelaboratoriesandmeetingroomsontheuniversitycampus,andwheretraditionalKyotocultureandtheuniversity’sacademicknowledgecouldbeconnected.Seifu-sosupportedthefreeandopenacademiccultureofKyotoUniversity.ItisthoughtthattheuniversitywantedtoavoidthesituationwhereSeifu-sowasconfiscatedatallcosts.Later,whenHidekiYukawa(湯川秀樹),thenaprofessorattheFacultyofScience,wasinvitedtothePrincetonInstituteforAdvanced134

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Studyasavisitingprofessorin1948,afarewellpartywasheldatSeifu-so.Inaddition,amanagementmeetingoftheInstituteforBasicPhysics(YukawaMemorialHall),whichwasplannedtobeestablishedinresponsetotheNobelPrizeinPhysicsthefollowingyear,wasalsoheldatSeifu-so.ArchitectureofSeifu-soTheSiteandBuildingLayoutofSeifu-soSeifu-socurrentlyoccupiesasiteofabout4,000tsubo(about13,200squaremeters)[Fig.9].TheeasternendofthelanddonatedbytheSumitomofamilywasdividedintolotsforstudentfacilitiesin1960.Thelandonthewestsideoftheroad,wheretheautomobilegarageusedtobe,wasusedforstaffquartersforawhile.Now,SeifuKaikan(清風会館),theuniversity’saccommodationfacility,hasbeenbuiltthere.Let’sstepintothegroundsofSeifu-so.Themaingatewasbuiltinasquareshapeonthewestsideoftheproperty,withthenorthsidefacingnorth.Thegateismodestforavillaofthissizeandwelcomesguestsgently.Whenenteringthemaingate,wearefirstgreetedbythesightofkuro-chiku(黒竹,“blackbamboo”).Theroofofthefirstgate,seenthroughtheblackbamboo,indicatesapathtotheteahouse.Themainbuildingisnotimmediatelyvisible,andwefinallynoticeitwhenwewalkalongthegravelgardenpathtotheleft.Themainbuildingisprimarilyonestory,andtheentranceareaisasmodestasthemaingate.Atwo-storydetachedhouseiseastofthemainhouse,connectedbyacorridor.Tothenorthofthemainbuilding,fromwesttoeast,thereareanattachedhouse,aguardstation,abarn,andastorehouse,whichserveasbackstagespacesforadministrationandutilities.Theseadministrativebuildingscanbeapproachednotfromthemaingate,butfromtheservicegateslightlynorthofthesquare.135

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Fig.9LayoutofSeifu-sou,TakenonNovember19,2020,©TomomiTakano.Themaingate,mainbuilding,detachedhouse,administrativefacilities,andotherbuildingsareplacedtogetherinthenorthwestpartofthesitetoenlargethegardenandallowenjoymentoftheview.Fromthemaingate,let’sgototheright.Passingthroughthefirstgate,wefindourselvesintheteagardenleadingtotheteahouse,Hoshinsai.Followthepavingstonesthroughtheforestofmosobamboo(孟宗竹),wecometotheservantroom,Kansuiken.Ifwefollowthepathtotheleft,weseetheHakamazukeandwaitingareainfront.Thisiswhere136

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guestsgetreadyfortheteaceremonyandwaittobeinvitedtositdown.Oncetheteapartyisready,guestspassthroughthesecondgatetotheteahouse,Hoshinsai.Thesebuildingsaroundtheteahousearelocatedtothesouthwestofthesite,surroundedbybamboogrovesandtalltrees,creatinganetherealenvironment.Byskillfullyarrangingspaceswithdifferentcharacteristics,suchasthemodestandserenemainhouseanddetachedhouse,thespaciousandexpansivegarden,andtheetherealenvironmentoftheteaceremony,changeanddeptharecreatedinthevastcompound.WhenIvisitSeifu-so,Iamalwaysimpressedbynewdiscoveriesandimpressions.Thisislargelyduetotheingeniouslydesignedspatialcomposition.ArchitecturalFeaturesThebuildingsofSeifu-soareallexcellentmodernJapanesestylestructures.Thelayout,materials,anddesignreflectthetasteofKinmochiSaionji,theskillofJinbeiYagiII,andtheinsightofTomoitoSumitomoKichizaemonXV,whosupportedhim.Let’stakealookatthecharacteristicsofeachbuilding.MainBuilding(主屋)Themainbuildingisaone-storywoodenstructurewithapartlytwo-storyroof,ahippedroofandapiercedtileroof[Photo13].Ithasalight,non-intimidatingsukiya-styleappearance,withsomeoftheeavescoveredwithshinglesandcedarbarkusedfortheexteriorwalls.Withanareaofabout324squaremeters,itisthelargestoftheSeifu-sobuildings,andithasallthefunctionsnecessaryfordailylife.Theroomsarearrangedaroundthreecourtyards,onelarge,onemedium,andonesmall,withthe“guestroom”and“livingroom”fortheguestsandthemasteronthesouthsideofthecourtyardfacingthegarden,andthe“kitchen,”“bathroom,”“maid’sroom,”andotherroomsforservantsonthenorthsideofthecourtyard[Fig.10-1].Thecourtyardisusedtoincreasetheindependenceofeachroom,andthefunctionsareclearlyseparatedsothatthe137

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138Fig.10-1PlanofMainBuildingandDetachedHouse.Fig.10-2PlanofTeaHouseandServantRoom.Fig.10-3PlanofWaitingRoom.StorehouseStorehouseMainroomMainroomMainroomMainroomMainroomMainroomKitchenKitchenCourtyardCourtyardCourtyardCourtyardCourtyardCourtyardEntranceEntranceBathroomBathroomMaid'sMaid'sroomroomLivingroomLivingroomGuestroomGuestroomWaitingroomWaitingroomServantroomServantroomKansuikenKansuikenTeahouseTeahouseHoshinsaiHoshinsaiMainBuildingSecondfloorMainBuildingSecondfloorDetachedHouseSecondfloorDetachedHouseSecondfloorDetachedHouseDetachedHouseMainBuildingMainBuilding

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Fig.10-4PlanofMainGate,FirstGateandSecondGate.EntranceEntranceFig.10-5PlanofAttachedHouse.Fig.10-6PlanofGuardStation.Fig.10-7PlanofBarn.139

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Photo.13MainBuilding,©TomomiTakano.flowlinesdonotintersect.Itisalsoalayoutthatconsiderslightingandventilation.Theentranceopenstothewest,andtherightisafourandahalf-tatamimatroomwherethebutlerandotherswelcomedguests,andthecorridortotherightleadstotheguestroom.Theguestroomconsistsofaneight-matmainroomandasix-matsecondroom[Photo14].Ithasalargeverandaintwodirections,eastandsouth,andlargeglassslidingdoorsontheoutsideoftheverandatobringthegardensceneryintotheroom.Thegardencutoutbythelonghorizontalglasssurfaceisasbeautifulasafoldingscreenpainting.Aneight-foot-widetatamimatalcoveisbuiltonthenorthsideoftheeight-tatamimatroom,withalcovepostmadeofpolishedcedarlogs,abiwadana(琵琶棚)onthesideofthealcove,andajibukuro(地袋)underneath.Thecombinationofthealcovepost,whichisslendercomparedtothesizeofthetatamiroom,andthebiwadana,whichisabout8incheslow,bringsaboutarefinedcalmness.Theuseofsuitablematerials,suchasthesasa-moku(笹杢)oftheKirishimacedarusedfortheceilingand140

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Photo.14Guestroominthemainbuilding,©TomomiTakano.Photo.15Naka-tsugitatami,©SetsukoNakajima.thetama-moku(玉杢)oftheJapanesezelkovawoodusedforthebiwadanatopboard,isalsopleasing.ThetransomsaresaidtobeEnshutransoms(遠州欄間)withchrysanthemumanddiamondcarvings(菊菱).Theedgesofthetatamimatsaredyedwithindigo,andatatamimatsurfaceisthenaka-tsugiomote(中継表)[Photo15].Thisisatatamimatsurfacewoven141

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Photo.16Livingroominthemainbuilding,©TomomiTakano.Photo.17Alcoveinalivingroom,©SetsukoNakajima.142

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Photo.188tatamimatroomonthesecondfloorofthemainbuilding,©TomomiTakano.usingonlyhigh-qualitypartsofrushesandisapreciousandtop-gradetatamimatsurface.AlltatamiroomsinSeifu-sodonothavethenageshi,whichisalightexpressionofsukiya.Thelivingroomislocatedalittlefurthertotheeastoftheguestroom.Tothenorthofthemainroomofeighttatamimatsfacingthegarden,thereisasecondroomofsixtatamimats,andahalf-widtheartheneavestretchesoutonthetwosidestothesouthandeastoftheeighttatamimats[Photo16].Whiletheeight-matroomisopentothegardenontwosidestothesoutheast,thedeepeavesoftheeartheneavesbringshadetotheroom,makingitthemostrelaxingsittingroominSeifu-so.Thefactthattheceilingheightiskeptlowbecauseofasecondfloorabovethelivingroomalsocontributestotranquility.Inaddition,theuseofpapershojiscreensinsteadofglassasexteriorfittings,andthefactthatthereisnoveranda,butdirectaccessfromthetatamiroomtothestonestepsoutside,furtherenhancethesenseofunitybetweentheroomandthegardenandmakethelivingroomacomfortableplace.Thelivingroomfloorhasawoodenalcovefloormadeofpinewood,the143

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Photo.19Alcovein8tatamimatroomonthesecondfloorofthemainbuilding,©TomomiTakano.alcovefootboardismadeofKitayamacedar,andthealcovepostismadeofnaturalKitayamacedar[Photo17].Onthesideofthealcove,thereareanotoshigake(落掛),aSalisburyshelfandajibukuro.TheceilingismadeofbamboofromtheYakusugicedar,high-qualitymaterial,andarestraineddesignforaplacewhereKinmochispendtheirdailylives.Onthesecondfloorofthelivingroom,therearetwotatamimatrooms(eight-andsix-tatamimatrooms)asonthefirstfloor,andtheentiresecondfloorhaswindowsinfourdirections,east,west,north,andsouth,makingitabrightandopenspace[Photo18].Theeight-tatamimatroomhasvergedonthesouthandeastsides,witharmrestwindowsonthesouthsideandlargeglassslidingdoorsontheeastside,sothattheviewofHigashiyamacanbefullyenjoyedfromhere.Theeight-tatamimatroom’salcoveis1kenwide(about190centimeters),withredpinebarkedlogalcovepostandonlyatenbukuroonthesideofthealcove,creatingalightdesign[Photo19].Thedesignofthefusuma(slidingdoors),jibukuro(undershelves144

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Photo.20Pullerbracket.Shuttle,WeightandEgg-shaped,©TomomiTakano.withslidingdoors),andtenbukuro(uppershelveswithslidingdoors)pullisdifferentforeachroom,showingafinelyhonedsenseofbeautyineverydetail.Forexample,theguestroomisfittedwithashuttleusedforweaving,thelivingroomwithaweightedshuttle,andtheupstairstatamiroomwithanegg-shapedpuller[Photo20].Inthebathroomtothenorthacrossthecourtyardfromthelivingroom,thebathtubandwallsaremadeofJapanesecypress,andinthedressingroomtotheeastofthebathroom,delicatedesignsusingbambooandcedarboardscanbeseenontheceilingandaroundthePhoto.21Washbasinnexttothebathroom,©TomomiTakano.145

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Photo.22DetachedHouse,©TomomiTakano.washbasin[Photo21].Inthekitchen,theceilingisleftuncoveredtoshowthebeamsandotherstructures,andthereisawindowontherooftoletinlight.Tothesouthofthekitchen,nearthelivingroom,therewasatelephonebox.Themainbuildingischaracterizedbyitsfunctionaldesign,theelegantuseofhigh-qualitymaterials,lightmaterialssuchasajiro(網代),cedarboards,cedarbark,andbambooinasukiyastyle,andtheintentiontotakeintheviewofthegardenandHigashiyama.DetachedHouse(離れ)Totheeastofthemainbuilding,thereisthedetachedhouse;atwo-story,woodenstructurewithahippedroofandapier-tileroof,connectedtothemainhousebyacorridor[Photo22].Thereisaneight-tatamimatmainroomandasix-tatamimatsecondroomonthefirstfloor,withlargeglassslidingdoorsbuiltintothesouthernedgetoprovidea146

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Photo.23Mainroomonthefirstfloorofthedetachedhouse,©TomomiTakano.viewofthegarden.Ontheeastsideoftheeight-matroom,thereisa1ken-widewoodenalcovepostmadeofnaturalshibori(天然しぼり)fromtheKitayamacedar,andonthesideofthealcove,thereisajibukuroandacircularwindow[Photo23].TheverticalgrainedredcedarceilingboardswereprocuredfortheSumitomofamily’sprimaryresidenceinChausuyama,indicatingthatthebuildingispartoftheSumitomofamilylineage.Themoststrikingfeatureofthistatamiroomisthecombshapedtransomontheborderbetweentheeight-andsix-tatamimatrooms.Itissaidthatthisdesign,witharrowbamboos(矢竹)linedupinacomb-shapedframe,wastakenfromthetransomKanun-teiofUrasenke(裏千家寒雲亭).Asimilardesigncanalsobeseeninthenewtatamiroom(新座敷)oftheHirose-Saiheiresidence(completedin1889),designedbyJinbeiYagiII,andisthoughttohavebeenafavoriteofYagi.Onthewestsideofthesix-tatamimatroomisachestofdrawerswithasignthatreads147

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(Left)Photo.24Secondfloorofthedetachedhouse,©SetsukoNakajima.(Right)Photo.25Alcovein10tatamimatroomonthesecondfloorofthedetachedhouse,©TomomiTakano.Photo.27MainGate,©TomomiTakano.148

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Photo.26Transommadeofpaulowniawoodwithaheartoffallenwood,©TomomiTakano.“NagashimayaHasegawaDenjiro(長嶋屋長谷川傅次郎)”fromNihonbashiKodenma-cho,Tokyo,indicatingthatthechestwaspurchasedfromaTokyofurnituremaker.Onthesecondfloor,therewasa10-tatamimatroomandafour-tatamimatroomforthenextroom[Photo24].Asinthefirstfloor,largeglassfittingswereplacedonthesouthsideoftheroom,fromwhichadynamicviewoftheentiregardencouldbeenjoyed.Onthenorthsideofthe10-tatamimatroomisaneight-foot-widetatamialcovewithanalcovefloorframemadeofKitayamalogs,agroundwindowtotheleftofthefloor,andabiwashelfintheleftcorner[Photo25].Thetransombetweenthemainroomandthesecondroomismadeofpaulowniawoodwithaheartoffallenwood(桐の芯落ち材),whichisararematerialmadeofnaturalpaulowniawoodwithawitheredcoregrounddirectlyintoboards[Photo26].Comparedwiththemainbuilding,thedetachedhousehasmoreplayfulelementsinthelayoutofthetransomsandalcovesandoffersalargerviewofthegarden.MainGate(正門)Themaingateisagabled,pier-tile-roofedgatefacingnorth,withafenceontheeastandwestsides[Photo27].Thepillarsaremadeofknottylogs,andthetransomhasasparsediamondlattice(菱格子).The149

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Photo.28Storehouse,©SetsukoNakajima.lowerhalfofthewoodengateiscoveredwithsplitbamboo,andtheupperhalfiscarvedwithchrysanthemum-shapeddiamonds.Thesidewallsaremadeoflogpillarswithsplitbamboo,andthetopsarecoveredwithstringtiles(紐丸瓦).Thelightandsubtledesignofthesukiyastyleshowssophisticatedexpressionandexcellenttechniques.Storehouse(土蔵)Thestorehouseislocatednorthofthemainbuildingandisconnectedtothemainbuildingbyacorridor[Photo28].Itisatwo-storybuilding150

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Photo.29TeaHouse,©TomomiTakano.Photo.30Tearoom,©SetsukoNakajima.Photo.31Paperscreenforadmittinglightwithglasswindowtsukeshoin,©SetsukoNakajima.withagabledroofandapiercedtileroof,withatiledeaveonthesouthside.Therearewindowsonthenorthandeastsidesofthefirstfloorandthesouthandnorthsidesofthesecondfloor.Itisnotaverylargestorehouse,withalengthof3ken(about6meters)andabeamspanof2.5ken(about5meters),butthecleandesignandwhiteplasterexteriorwallsmakeitaneatandcleanbuilding.151

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Photo.32ServantRoom,©SetsukoNakajima.Photo.33Three-tatamimatroominServantRoom,©SetsukoNakajima.Photo.34Roofofthecorridor,©SetsukoNakajima.152

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TeaHouse,Hoshinsai(茶室保真斎)Theteahouseisagabledbuildingwithacypressbarkroof,andthenameplate“Hoshinsai”isdisplayedonthesouthside[Photo29].Itconsistsofafourandahalf-tatamimatteaceremonyroom,awaterroom,andanentrance[fig.10-2].Thealcovepostsaremadeofredpinelogswithbark,andatriangularwoodenshelfisbuiltbesidethefloor[Photo30].Intheupperpartofthetemae,adropceilingismadeofblack-stripedmakomobamboo(まこも黒糸編女竹),andtheceilingoftheguestseatismadeofblack-stripedyabane-ajiro(矢羽網代).Thepaperscreenslidingdoorsforadmittinglight(明かり障子)oftheeast-facingtsukeshoin(付書院)arepartiallycoveredwithglass.Theglasssurfacecutsthroughthegardenlandscape[Photo31].Theideaistoseethegardenbeyondthemasterfromthedimlylitguestseat.ServantRoom,Kansuiken(供待閑睡軒)TheservantroomisanIrimoya-stylebuildingwithacypressbarkroofthatstandstothenorthwestofthetearoomandissurroundedbyaveranda[Photo32].Insideisathree-tatamimatroomwithasuspendedalcoveandatoiletonthewestsideoftheveranda[Photo33].Itisconnectedtotheteahousebyacorridorwithashingledroof.Theroofofthecorridorismadeofnaturalwoodwithacurvedgirdertohelppreventguestsfromhittingtheirheadwhenpassingthrough,andthepillarsthatinterferewiththepassagetoandfromthetearoomhavebeenremoved,highlightingdelicateattentiontodetailandexcellentworkmanship[Photo34].WaitingRoom,Hakamatsuke(袴付及び待合)Thisisalightbuildingwithagabledroofsupportedbythinlogpillars[Photo35].Thesouthsideisgabled,andonlythenortheaveshaveacypressbarkroof.Itconsistsofathree-tatamimathakamatsuke(袴付)andasouthrestroom.Alargeroundwindowopensontheeastsideofthehakamatsuke[Fig.10-3].Throughtheroundwindow,theviewofthegardenandthesoundofrunningwaterentertheroom[Photo36].Underthe153

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Photo.35WaitingRoom,©SetsukoNakajima.Photo.36Waitingroominteriorandcircularwindow,©TomomiTakano.154

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Photo.37FirstGate,©SetsukoNakajima.Photo.38SecondGate,©SetsukoNakajima.eavesontheeastsideofthebuildingisasittingarea,fromwhichonecanalsoenjoyaviewofthegarden.Thisbuildinghasawell-honedsenseofbeauty.FirstGate(第一中門)Thisisthefirstgateinvitingvisitorstotheteagarden[Photo37].Thegabled,cypressbark-roofedYakuyimon-gate(薬医門)isnotableforitselaboratematerialsanddesign,includingbarkedlogsforthegatepillarsandgirders,andnaguri-zai(名栗材)fortheantechamberpillarsandrafters.Thebalancebetweentheslendershaftandthedeepeavesoftheroofisbeautiful.SecondGate(第二中門)Thisisawoodengatebetweenthewaitingroomandteahouse,withdug-outpillars,agabledroof,acedarbarkroofandabamboogable[Photo38].Theposts,beams,rafters,andridgetreesaremadeoflogs,andtheraftersaremadeofroundbamboo.Theuseoflogsforthepillars,beams,rafters,andridgetimbers,aswellastheuseofbamboofortherafters,showtheexquisiteskillofthecraftsmen.AttachedHouse(附属屋)Thisisaone-storywoodenbuildingwithahippedroofandapiercedtileroofthatwasbuilttohousetheresidentjanitor[Photo39].Theeastsidehasathree-tatamimatentrance,twosix-tatamimatrooms,afourandahalf-tatamimatroom,asmallthree-tatamimatroom,akitchen,alavatory,andaprivategardensouthofthetatamiroom[Fig.10-5].155

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Photo.39AttachedHouse,©SetsukoNakajima.Photo.40GuardStation,©SetsukoNakajima.156

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Photo.41Barn,©SetsukoNakajima.Thedwellingonthewestsidehasasmallentrancewithasink,afourandahalf-tatamimatroom,alavatory,andotherfacilities.Itstandsquietly,hiddenbythegardentrees.GuardStation(詰所)Theguardstation,tsumesho(詰所),wasaone-storywoodenbuildingwith2-kensquareplan,ahippedroofandapier-tileroof,andwasbuiltasaguardhouseforpoliceofficersanddrivers[Photo40].Theentrancewasonthesouthside,andtheinteriorwasasinglesix-tatamimatroom[Fig.10-6].Althoughsmallinscale,itisasimplebuildingmadeofgoodmaterials.Barn(納屋)Locatedonthenorthsideofthemainbuilding,thebarnisaone-storywoodenbuildingwithagabledroof,apier-tileroof,andboarded-upexteriorwalls[Photo41].Itisclosetothemainhouse’skitchenentranceandbathfiresandwasbuiltforbackstagework.Fromtheeast,asix-tatamimatroom,anearthenwoodenfloor,andaneight-tatamimatroomarelinedup,andatoiletislocatedatthewestend[Fig.10-7].Boththe157

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exteriorandinterioraresimple.MaintenanceandDesignationasCulturalPropertyTheSeifu-soManagementCommittee,establishedin1945,didnotmeetafter1958andwasabolishedattheendoffiscalyear1998,havingcompleteditsrole.AphotographofSeifu-sointroducedinthearchitecturaljournalShinkenchiku(新建築)in1959showsthatthebuildingwasmaintainedingoodcondition.Sincethen,theuniversityhashadaresidentjanitorinchargeofdailycleaningandusagemanagement,thepruningofgardentrees,andtherepairofbuildingsasneeded.Themostextensivemaintenancetookplacebetween2007and2011.Althoughtheentiresitewasdesignatedasthe“Seifu-soGarden”asanassetofnationalscenicbeautyonJune9,1951,thedamagetothegardenandbuildingsprogressedconsiderablyasonlytheminimumnecessarymeasuresweretakentomaintainitformorethan50years.Undersuchcircumstances,aconservationandrepairprojectwasinitiatedatthesuggestionofthen-PresidentKazuoOike(尾池和夫)(the24thPresidentoftheuniversity,inofficefromDecember2003toSeptember2008).In2003,the“KyotoUniversityMeishoSeifu-soGardenStudyGroup”wasestablishedtodiscusstheprojectwithacademicexpertsandtheculturalpropertyprotectiondivisionsofKyotoprefectureandcity.Asforthearchitecture,thecommitteediscussedthebasicsurveyandmaintenancefortheconservationandutilizationofthebuildingandconfirmedtheaimofregisteringthebuildingasanationalregisteredtangibleculturalproperty(国登録有形文化財)inpreparationforthedesignationasanationalimportantculturalproperty(重要文化財).Thefollowingyear,2006,the“CommitteefortheImprovementandUtilizationoftheMeishoSeifu-soGarden”wasestablishedthroughtheUniversityCouncil.The“BasicPlanfortheImprovementandUtilizationoftheMeishoSeifu-soGarden”wasformulatedunderthecommitteeinthesameyear.Inaccordancewiththebasicplan,repairworkbeganinearnestin2007.OnMay15ofthesameyear,11buildings,158

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includingthemainbuilding,detachedhouse,storehouse,attachedhouse,barn,teahouse,servantroom,waitingroom,firstgate,secondgate,andmaingatewereregisteredastangibleculturalproperties.Therepairworkstartedwiththebuildingsaroundtheteahouse,whichwerebadlydamagedandrequiredimmediateattention.In2008,thefirstphaseoftheroofoftheteahousewasrepaired.In2009,thesecondphaseoftheroofoftheteahousewasrepaired,alongwiththefirstandsecondgates,andin2011,theteahouse,waitingroom,servantroom,waitingarea,andexteriorofthemainbuildinganddetachedhousewererepaired.OnJuly9,2012,the12buildingsthathadalreadybeendesignatedasregisteredtangibleculturalproperties,aswellastheguardstation“Tsumesho,”weredesignatedasnationalimportantculturalproperties,therebyachievingthegoalofdesignatingthemasculturalproperties.Indesignatingthebuildingsasnationalimportantculturalproperties,itwasstatedthat,“Seifu-soisaneatlydesignedsukiya-stylehouse,andtheaccompanyingfacilities,whicharemaintainedasanintegralpartofthehouse,areimportantasoneofthefinestexamplesofmodernJapanese-stylearchitecture.”Sincethebuildingwasdesignatedasanationalimportantculturalproperty,itwasnecessarytopreserve,repair,andreinforceitagainstearthquakesandotherdisasters.Thestudy,design,andconstructionforthispurposewereconductedbetween2013and2016.Fortheconservationandrepairwork,theroofsofthemainbuildinganddetachedhousewerereplaced,aswereanydamagedpillars,theearthenwallswerepartiallyrepaired,andtheglassdoors,slidingdoors,woodendoors,andotherpartswererepaired.Inconsiderationofthefactthatthebuildingisaculturalasset,themaximumdeformationanglebetweenlayerswassetat15:1.Inaddition,earthquake-resistantwallswereinstalled,thesubfloorwasreinforced,thebrickfoundationwaswrappedwithmetalplates,andtheroofsoilwasremovedtoreduceroofload[Photo42].Fordisasterprevention,airpipes(copperpipes)thatuse159

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Photo.42Earthquake-resistantwall,©SetsukoNakajima.Photo.44Firealarm,©SetsukoNakajima.Photo.43Airpipes(copperpipes)wereinstalledaroundtheceilings,©SetsukoNakajima.Photo.45Waterguninthestonewell,©SetsukoNakajima.160

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thermalexpansionwereinstalledaroundtheceilingsasautomaticfirealarmsystems.Firealarmswereinstalledineachbuilding,withasystemformonitoringtheminthemanager’soffice[Photos43,44].Awatertankforfirepreventionwasalsoplacedtotheeastoftheattachedhousesothatwatercanbedischargedfromthreegunslocatedonthenorthsideofthemainbuildingandthedetachedhouse,andfromfirehydrantslocatedonthepremises.Oneofthewatergunswasplacedinanexistingstonewellsouthofthebarnsothatitspresencewouldnotbenoticeable[Photo45].Anewsecuritysystemwasalsoinstalled.Theseimprovementswerecarriedoutwiththeutmostcarenottodamagethevalueofthebuildingasaculturalasset.Itcanbesaidthatthesafetyofthebuildingsandgardenshasbeendramaticallyenhancedwithoutchangingtheirappearance.AsaresultofaseriesofmaintenanceprojectsintheHeiseiera,Seifu-soisnowinthebestconditionithasbeensincebeingacquiredbyKyotoUniversity.ItishopedthatSeifu-sowillbeinheritedformanyyearstocome.TheValueofSeifu-soIhavebeenwritingamonographonthehistoryofthearchitectureofSeifu-so.ThearchitecturalvalueofSeifu-soliesintheexcellentmodernJapanese-stylearchitecturebymasterarchitectssuchasJinbeiYagiIIandAsajiroKousaka.However,themostoutstandingvalueofSeifu-soliesinthefactthatithasbeenpasseddownfromtheTokudaijifamilytotheSumitomofamily,andfromtheSumitomofamilytoKyotoUniversity,andisstillinactiveuseaftermorethan100years.ThehistoryoftheTokudaijifamily,thepoliticianKinmochiSaionji,andKyotoUniversityisengravedinSeifu-so.Seifu-soalsobearsthememoriesofmanypeople,includingTomoitoSumitomoKichizaemonXV,whowastheowneroftheproperty,JiheiOgawaVII,whoworkedonthegarden,the12thpresidentoftheuniversity,ToruHaneda,whowaseagerto161

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donatethepropertytoKyotoImperialUniversity,TomonariSumitomoKichizaemonXVI,whodecidedtodonatetheproperty,andthe13thpresidentoftheuniversity,RisaburoTorigai,whoworkedhardtoavoidconfiscationbytheGHQ,successiveadministrators,andmanyothers.ThememoriesofallthepeoplewhovisitedandusedthispropertyareattachedtoSeifu-so.AndthespaceandtimeofSeifu-soarenotonlyconnectedtothepast,butalsofilledwithasenseofcontinuityintothefuture.TheexistenceofSeifu-soandtheeventsthattookplacetherearenotastoryofaclosedworld,butrather,achannelthatconnectstoJapan’smodernhistory,politicalhistory,andtheresearchandadministrationofKyotoUniversity.Inthemodernera,high-qualitymodernJapanese-stylearchitectureandgardenswerecreatedastheessenceofinheritanceanddevelopmentoftraditionalculture,andonesuchexampleisSeifu-so.Fromtheperspectiveofurbanhistory,Seifu-soalsoexperiencedtheenvironmentalchangescausedbytheconstructionofroadsandurbanizationduringthetransformationintoamoderncity.Intermsofpoliticalhistory,Seifu-sofunctionedasaplacefordecision-making,includingimportantgovernmentappointments.Inotherwords,Seifu-sowaspresentatthemomentwhenJapanwasundergoingrapidtransformation.Seifu-sohasalsobeenconnectedtotheactivitiesofKyotoUniversityinvariousways,includingasthehomeoftheuniversity’sfoundingspirit,asavenueforconfidentialmeetings,informaldiscussions,andvariousstudygroups,andasaguestfacilityforwelcomingguestsfromtheoutside.Fragmentsofsuchmajorcultural,social,political,andorganizationaleventshaveaccumulatedinSeifu-soforalongtime.InrelationtoSeifu-so,wethinkaboutthetimes,feeltheculture,talkaboutpolitics,anddeepenouracademicknowledge.ThesceneryviewedfromthetatamiroomofSeifu-soisconnectedtoaninfinitelydeepandvastworld.162

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Chapter2Seifu-soGarden,createdbyKinmochiSaionjiandTomoitoSumitomo:IntegrationwiththegardendesignofJiheiOgawaVIIJunichiImanishiAnInvitationtoDiscovertheCharmofSeifu-soGardenSeifu-sowasoriginallyavillanamedSeifu-kanoftheTokudaijifamily,butin1907(Meiji40),TomoitoKichizaemonSumitomo,the15thgeneration,youngerbrotherofKinmochiSaionji,tookownershipfromtheTokudaijifamilyandmadeitKinmochi’sresidenceinKyoto.ConstructionwasfundedbySumitomo’sfinancialresources,beganin1911(Meiji44),andwascompletedin1913(Taisho2).ItwassubsequentlynamedSeifu-so.AfterKinmochi’sdeath,itwaskeptbytheSumitomofamily,butin1944(Showa19),itwasdonatedtoKyotoImperialUniversity(nowKyotoUniversity)inmemoryofKinmochi’slegacyofsupportingthefoundingofKyotoImperialUniversityasMinisterofEducationandasaprivatecitizen.ThegardenwascreatedbyJiheiOgawaVII(Ueji)between1912(Meiji45)and1913(Taisho2).In1951(Showa26),itwasdesignatedanationalplaceofscenicbeautyasSeifu-soGardenundertheLawfortheProtectionofCulturalProperties,andKyotoUniversityhasconsistentlybeeninchargeofit.From2006to2013,thegarden,whichhadbeendeterioratingovertheyears,wasrestoredtoabeautifulstatebythefirstfundamentalpreservationandrepairproject.Abeautifulgardenproducesasenseofenjoymentandease163

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justbywalkingaroundandgazingatitabsent-mindedly.However,obtainingabetterunderstandingoftheoriginandcharacteristicsofthegardenandpeople’srelationshipswithit,andlookingatitimaginativelyinducesanewfascinationwiththegarden.AlthoughSeifu-soGardenhasoftenbeenintroducedfromtheviewpointofUeji,theforerunnerofmodernlandscapegardening,asarepresentativework,inthischapter,IattempttobringoutthecharmofSeifu-soGardenfromadifferentanglebyaddinganewperspectiveregardingtheinvolvementofKinmochiandTomoitoinitscreation.LetustakeajourneytodiscoverthecharmofSeifu-soGardenbytracingthechangesofthegardensincethedaysofSeifu-kan,thepredecessorofSeifu-so.ViewofSeifu-kanGardenDuringtheEdoperiod(1603–1867),theTokudaijifamily,oneoftheSeigafamilies*,hadavillainTanaka-mura,Atago-gun,Kyoto(nowpartofSakyo-ku,Kyotocity).ThissitewasthoughttobethenorthernpartofYoshidaIzumidono,whichwasbuiltbyKintsuneSaionjiintheKamakuraperiod(1185–1333).Itwasaplaceofamusementwherehorseracesandpoetryrecitalsbycourtnobleswereheld,butbytheEdoperiod,ithadlostmostofitscharm.ThevillaoftheTokudaijifamilywascalled“Seifu-kan”andwasusedasaretreatfortheheadofthefamilyandasaplaceforfamilylife.Here,IwouldliketointroducethebackgroundofKinmochiandTomoitoandtheirrelationshipwithSeifu-kan.KinmochiSaionji,whosechildhoodnamewasYoshimaro(Yoshimaru),wasborninKyotoin1849(Kaei2),thesecondsonoftheTokudaijifamily,withhisfatherKin-itoTokudaiji,theUdaijin(ministeroftheright),andhismotherAyakoSuehiro(Chiyoura).Atthattime,the*Afamilystatusofnoblefamilies,secondonlytotheSekkanfamily(thefamilywhichproducedtheRegentandtheChiefAdvisertotheEmperor)andabovetheDaijinfamily.164

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mainresidenceoftheTokudaijifamilywaslocatedinthenortheastofKarasumaImadegawa,Kyoto(present-daysiteoftheImadegawacampusofDoshishaUniversity),andtherewasaseparateresidence,Seifu-kan,inTanaka-mura.However,YoshimarowasbornneitherinthemainresidencenorinSeifu-kan,butinthehouseofHisatamiHorikawa,aShodaibu(fifthandfourthrankofficials)nearthemainresidenceoftheTokudaijifamily.In1851(Kaei4),YoshimarobecametheadoptedsonofMorosueSaionji,Ukon-e-no-chujo(amiddlecaptainoftherightdivisionofinnerpalaceguards),andtookthenameSaionji.TheSaionjifamily,liketheTokudaijifamily,isaSeigafamily,thesecondmostprestigiousfamilyamongthenoblefamiliesaftertheSekkanfamily.InJulyoftheyearthatKinmochiwasadopted,MorosueSaionjidied,andKinmochibecametheheadoftheSaionjifamilyatanearlyage.Asaresult,justbeforeheturned2yearsold,hewasordainedtoJugoi-no-ge(juniorfifthrank,lowergrade),andattheageof3years,hewasappointedasJiju(chamberlain).Justbeforeheturned8yearsold,hecelebratedhiscomingofage,wasallowedtoascendthethrone,andwasappointedasUgon-no-shosho(provisionalminorcaptainoftherightdivisionofinnerpalaceguards).However,thesewereformalitiesofbeingtheheadoftheSaionjifamily.Becausehisadoptivefatherhaddiedearly,Kinmochigrewupundertheinfluenceofhisbiologicalfather,Kin-itoTokudaiji.Asachild,hesometimesplayedatSeifu-kan,thevillaoftheTokudaijifamily.TomoitoSumitomo,whosechildhoodnamewasTakamaro,thesixthchildoftheTokudaijifamily,wasborninSeifu-kanin1864(Genji1)tothesameparentsasKinmochi.HejoinedtheSumitomofamilyin1892(Meiji25)andsucceededasthe15thgenerationoftheSumitomofamilythefollowingyear,changinghisnamefromTakamarotoKichizaemonTomoito.HispseudonymwasShunsui,whichheusedfromhisyouthuntiltheendofhislife.TomoitospenthischildhoodandyoungadulthoodatSeifu-kanwithhisparents.AsforSeifu-kanGarden(seealsoChapter1ofthisbook),an1871(Meiji4)articlein“SumitomoShunsui”(住友春翠)states,“Theoldmokusei165

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Photo1ThecurrentSeifu-soGardenasseenfromthesky.Theuppersideisnorth.(TakenonNovember19,2020)©TomomiTakano.tree(fragrantolive;OsmanthusfragransLour.),planted40yearsagowhenthegardenofSeifu-kanwascreated,andespeciallylovedbySanemi*a,wasinfullbloom,andwasfrequentlyfragrant.”ItisbelievedthatthegardenwascreatedataboutthesametimeSeifu-kanwasbuilt.ThenameofthegardenwasSasazono,whichwaschosenbyKagetsuneKagawa,aservantoftheTokudaijifamily.Therewasalargepondinthegarden,asthenameofthegarden“sasanami”meantfinewaves.InJanuary1855(Ansei2),theconstructionofateaceremonyhouse,Hoshinsai,wascompletedtothesouthofthemainhouse,andinMarchofthesameyear,SanemiledSomiFukazuandGenshitsu(Ichinyosai),theheirofGengensaiSoshitsu,the11thheadoftheUrasenkefamily,aroundthegardenand*aSanemiTokudaijiisthegrandfatherofKinmochiSaionjiandTomoitoSumitomo.*bPhotostakenbyImanishiwerebasicallytakenonSeptember14,2020,andiftheyweretakenontheotherdays,thedateiswritteninthecaptionofeachphoto.166

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Fig.1「京都田中村御別邸敷地図附建物配置略図」（明治44年11月20日～明治45年1月30日）住友史料館所蔵(“SitePlanofVillaatKyotoTanaka-mura:AttachingBuildingLayoutPlan”,November20,1911[Meiji44]toJanuary30,1912[Meiji45],CollectionoftheSumitomoHistoricalArchives).ThisdrawingwasmadebeforethegardenwasremodeledintoSeifu-soGarden,sowecangetaglimpseofthegardenpondduringtheSeifu-kanperiod.madeadiaryentryaboutaboatrideonthepond.ItissaidthatthepondwasnotchangedmuchexceptforthedirectionofthewaterflowingoutfromthepondedgeduringtherenovationofSeifu-so[Fig.1,Photo1],andthepondontheeastsideofthepresentSeifu-soGardencorrespondstothispond[Photo2]*b.ThenameoftheSeifu-kanresidencechosenbyKagetsuneKagawawasHagi-no-ya,andasthenameimplies,therewasahedgeofhagi(Japanesebushclover;Lespedezasp.)inthefrontyard.Therewerealso167

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Photo2CurrentstateofthegardenpondontheeastsideofSeifu-soGarden©JunichiImanishi.manyotherfloweringtreesplantedinthegarden,suchaskobai(redplumtrees;PrunusmumeSieboldetZucc.),fuji(wisterias;Wisteriafloribunda(Willd.)DC.),yamabuki(Japaneseroses;Kerriajaponica(L.)DC.),Kirishimatsutsuji(Kirishimaazaleas;Rhododendron×obtusum(Lindl.)Planch.),benitsubaki(redcamellia;CamelliajaponicaL.),mokusei,andbotan(treepeonies;Paeonia×suffruticosaAndrews).Guestsenjoyedpouringtheirheartsouttothoseflowersandhavingdrinkingpartieswiththem.Enjoyingthegardenandadmiringtheseasonalplantswasoriginallyatraditionalpreferenceofthearistocracyingeneral,butKin-itowasexceptionallyfondoftheplantsandtreesinthegardenandpaidcarefulattentiontothem.Furthermore,Kin-itogrewplantsinpotssuchasredandwhiteplumtrees(PrunusmumeSieboldetZucc.),shurochiku(slenderladypalms;RhapishumilisBlume),orchids,charan(Chloranthusspicatus(Thunb.)Makino),fusoka(Chineseroses;Hibiscusrosa-sinensisL.),hamayu(CrinumasiaticumL.),andbenidemari(IxoracoccineaL.).WecanimaginehowSeifu-kanwasdecoratedwithavarietyofplants.168

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Kin-ito,whowaspassionateaboutteaceremonies,establishedateagardenonthewestsideofthegardenin1875(Meiji8).Takamaro(laterTomoito)andothersfollowedhisfather(Kin-ito)’sexamplebypickingnewtealeavesinthegardenandmakingtea.Thishomemadeteawascalled“Seifu(refreshingbreeze)”andwassometimesgiventoSomi,whoinstructedthemintheteaceremony.SomeofthetreesinSeifu-kanGardenwereinheritedbySeifu-so.SenjiKamiya(1879–1976),whoservedasthestewardofSeifu-sofrom1924(Taisho13)andcontinuedtolivethereevenafterSeifu-sowasdonatedtoKyotoImperialUniversityin1944(Showa19),andwashiredbytheuniversitytomanageSeifu-so,handwroteaguidetoSeifu-so.Accordingtotheguidebook“Seifu-so”(清風荘),theoldwisteriatrellisbythegourd-shapedpondinthebackyard,thekaya(Japanesetorreya;Torreyanucifera(L.)SieboldetZucc.)plantedonthetsukiyama(smallhillsinthegarden),thepersimmontreeinfrontofthestorehouse,andthelargeenoki(nettletree;CeltissinensisPers.)wereallfromthetimeofSeifu-kan.ItissaidthatKinmochisometimestalkedtohisattendantsaboutthesetreesasamemoryofhischildhood.ThereisananecdoteabouttheGoshopersimmontreeintheSeifu-kanbackyardin1877(Meiji10).WhenKinitosawtheredfruitsoftheGoshopersimmontree,hethoughttheywerethefruitsofhissisterswholovedpersimmonsandhadbeenwaitingforthemtoturnred,andhepersonallypickedthefruitsandofferedthemtotheirspirits.WithregardtothemapletreesinheritedfromSeifu-kantoSeifu-so,YasozoKumagai(1874–1969),anagronomistandformerdirectoroftheOkitsuHorticulturalExperimentStationwhohadservedasthestewardofZagyo-so,theOkitsuvillaoftheSaionjifamilysince1924(Taisho13),visitedSeifu-soonMay2,1941(Showa16)tosortoutKinmochi’sbelongings.Hewroteinhisdiarythathevisitedthegardenandsawamapletree,whichwasalreadyanoldtreewhenKinmochiSaionjiwasachild.However,3yearslater,onJune21,1944(Showa19),hewrotethatfungi(Polyporussp.)areemergingfromtheoldmapletree169

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bythepondatSeifu-soandthatthelifeofthemapletreewasindanger.Althoughitisunclearwhetheritreferstothesametreeasthismapletree,theoldpamphlet“Seifu-so(MeishoSeifu-soGarden)”(清風荘(名勝清風荘庭園))publishedbyKyotoUniversitymentionsthatwhenthecityplanningroad(present-dayImadegawaStreet)waslaiddownonthesouthsideoftheSeifu-sosite,theplannedroadlinewasslightlymovedtothesouthtopreservethelargemapletreeinheritedfromtheSeifu-kandays,whichlaterwitheredaway.AnotherthingthathasbeenpasseddownfromSeifu-kantoSeifu-so’sgardenistheborrowedscenery*ofMt.Daimonji.AtSeifu-kan,likeSeifu-so,specialattentionwaspaidtothebonfiresseenfromthegarden.Itisrecordedthatonthenightofthesummerbonfirein1875(Meiji8),Kin-itotookasipoftheglitteringreddai(大)letterinthewaterofthestonebowlanddrankit,wishingforgoodhealth,andTakamaroandhissistersfollowedsuit.ConversiontoSeifu-soGardenIn1907(Meiji40),Tomoito,whohadbecometheheadoftheSumitomofamily,tookoverSeifu-kan,thevillaoftheTokudaijifamilywherehehadspenthischildhoodandadolescencewithhisparents,fromtheTokudaijifamilytotheSumitomofamily,anddecidedtouseitasavillaforKinmochiwhenhewenttoKyoto.InaccordancewithKinmochi’sownpreferenceandwiththeintentionofpreservingtheatmosphereoftheoldSeifu-kan,itwasplannedtobuildabuildingandremodelthegarden,whichwascompletedbytheSumitomofamilyin1913(Taisho2).Asmentionedearlier,thegardenwasremodeledbyJiheiOgawa*Alandscapingtechniquethatactivelyincorporatestheviewoutsidethegardenaspartofthegardenlandscape.170

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Photo3Thegardenpondbuiltonthewestsideoftheearthenbridge©JunichiImanishi.VII(Ueji),andwascreatedbetween1912(Meiji45)and1913(Taisho2).Whatchangedasaresultoftheremodelingofthegarden?Ipresenttwomajorchangesintheoverallcompositionofthegardenasfollows.First,itissaidthatthegardenpondinSeifu-kanwasnotmodifiedinmanyways,exceptforchangingthedirectionofthewaterflowingout,asmentionedearlier.However,changingthedirectionofthewaterflowingoutofthepondtothesouthwestbroughtaboutasignificantchangeinthegarden.Anewpondwasalsobuiltonthewestsideoftheearthenbridgeandastreamwasbuiltinfrontoftheteaceremonyhouse,whichextendedthewaterviewfromtheeasttothewestsideofthegarden,allowingviewerstoappreciatethevariousexpressionsofwater[Photos3,4].Asfortheviewofthegardenfromthebuilding,SeifukanmainlyhadaneastwardviewofMt.Daimonji,whileSeifu-soaddedasouthwardviewwiththeconstructionofanewpondonthewestsideoftheearthenbridge.Thismadeitpossibletoappreciatethedifferentviewsofthegardenineachroom.171

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Photo4Theflowinfrontoftheteaceremonyhouse(takenonNovember26,2010)©JunichiImanishi.Thenextmajorchangeinthegardenwasthatthespaceforgueststouseduringteaceremoniesbecameindependentfromthemainhouse,astheHoshinsaiandKansuiken,whichwerelocatednearthemainhouse,weremovedtothesouthwest,andahouseforfixingdressesandwaitingwasnewlybuilt.Roji(露地;teaceremonygarden)developedasagardenthatwasapathwayleadingtotheteaceremonyhouse.Itwascalledroji(路地;analley)intheMomoyamaperiod(about20yearsinthelatterhalfofthesixteenthcentury,whenHideyoshiToyotomiwasinpower),andlaterthewordroji(露地)cameintouse.Bycreatinganewflowlinethatallowedgueststoreachtheteaceremonyhousewithoutpassingthroughthemainhouse,whichwastheplaceofdailylife,theappealoftherojiasaspaceforpreparingapurebodyandsoulawayfromtheworld,wasenhanced.Forthispurpose,itwascommontoavoidoverlyflamboyantflowersandtousemainlyevergreentreeswitharelaxedatmosphereintheroji.Intheroji,therewasatsukubai(astonewashbasin)[Photo5]topurify172

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Photo5Tsukubai(astonewashbasin)©JunichiImanishi.Photo6Chiriana(adustpit)©JunichiImanishi.thebodyandmind,andachiriana(adustpit)[Photo6]toshowtheheartofthehostwhocarefullycleanedthegardentowelcomeguests.Itwasalsocommontohavetheformofnijuroji(doublerojispaces),wheretheouterandinnerrojispacesweresymbolicallyseparatedbyachumon(amiddlegate)[Photo7].TherojiofSeifu-soGardenhasthesecharacteristicsaswell.Photo7Chumon(themiddlegate)representingtheboundarybetweentheouterandinnerrojispaces©JunichiImanishi.173

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Seifu-soGardenattheTimeofCompletionAreporterfromtheKyotoHinodeShimbun,thepredecessoroftheKyotoShimbun,aleadingnewspaperinKyotoatthattime,describedthestateofSeifu-sowhenitwasabouttobecompletedinanarticletitled,“TheRetirementofMarquisToanSaionji”(西園寺陶庵侯の隠棲)onMarch26,1913(Taisho2).Notethat“Toan”isthepseudonymofKinmochiSaionji.Thefollowingisadescriptionofthegardenasseenfromthisarticle.First,itiswrittenthattherewasastonewallabout1.2metershighfacingtheroadonthewestsideoftheSeifu-sosite,withahedgeofhinoki(Japanesecypress;Chamaecyparisobtusa(SieboldetZucc.)Endl.)seedlingsontop.Facingthemainstreetonthewestside,thereisanearthenembankmenthavingastonewallabout1.2metershigh,andontopisahedgemadeoffreshlyplantedhinokicypressseedlings.Today,thestonewallstillremains,butthetophasbeenreplacedwithevergreenbroad-leavedtreessuchasubamegashi(ubameoak;QuercusphillyreoidesA.Gray)insteadofhinoki[Photo8].Next,itsaysthatwhiteplumtreeswereinfullbloominfrontoftheentranceandthatredplumtreeswereinfullbloominthegardenseenfromaroominthemainhouse.Thewhiteplumblossomsinfrontoftheentranceareinfullbloomandsmellinggood.Whenthereportervisitedyesterday,thesmokyspringrainhadstoppedandthetreesinthegardenlookedmorebeautifulthanever.Inthegarden,redplumtreesareinfullbloomandIcanheartheJapanesebushwarbler’svoicecomingfromsomewhere.Theseplumsin1913mayhavebeeninheritedfromSeifu-kan.Awhiteplumtreeisnowplantedinfrontofthedetachedhouse,whichheraldsthearrivalofspringeveryyear[Photo9].Itisalsowrittenthatwhenthereporterwentdownintothe174

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gardenandfollowedthepavingstones,therewasateapaviliononleft,andasmallpavilionbeyondthat,withatributaryoftheShirakawaRiver(actuallytheOtaRiver)flowinggentlyfromeasttowestthroughthecenterofthesecludedgarden.WhenIgodowntothegardenandwalkalongthepavingstones,Iseeanelaborateteapaviliononmyleft,andasmallpavilionacrossfromit.AtributaryoftheShirakawaRiverflowsmurmuringlyfromeasttowestinthemiddleoftheirsecludedgarden.ThisisadepictionofwaterdrawnfromtheOtaRiver,whichflowednorthofSeifu-so,passingthroughthegardenpondandthenflowingthroughtherojiteaceremonygarden.ThisstreamoftherojicanbeseeninthecurrentSeifu-so[Photo4].Inanarticletitled,“MarquisToanWhisperingaPoemtotheCloudsFloatingintheSky”(閑雲に嘯く陶庵侯)publishedonApril13,1913(Taisho2),thesamereporterfromtheKyotoHinodeShimbunnewspapervisitedSeifu-soagainandwroteaboutitscompletion.First,thegardenwasdesignedbyMarquisToanhimself,andPhoto8PlantingonthestonewallfacingthestreetonthewestsideoftheSeifu-sosite©JunichiImanishi.175

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Photo9Whiteplumblossomsinfrontofthedetachedhouse.CourtesyofKyotoUniversitythereporterpraisedithighly,sayingthatKinmochihadmadeeverypossibleefforttomakeitaperfectgarden.Ihavenocomplaintsaboutthegarden,whichwasdesignedandsupervisedbytheelegantMarquisToanhimself.ThereporteralsowrotethatthewateroftheShirakawaRiver(actuallytheOtaRiver)flowedsmoothlybythemoss-coveredrocks,andthattherocksaroundthegardenpondandbesidetheteapavilionwerebroughtfromKuramainthenorthernpartoftheKyotoBasinandKasagiinsouthernKyoto.ThewateroftheShirakawaRiverflowsmurmuringlybythecold,mossyrootsoftherocks.TherocksaroundthepondandbesidetheteapavilionwereallbroughtfromKuramaandKasagi.176

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Thereporteralsowroteabouthowthespringsunleakedthroughthetreecrownsandthepetalsofdoublecherryblossomsfelldowneverytimeagentlebreezeblewwhenwalkingoutfromtheentrance,whichwascoveredwithwhitesand,towardthegarden.WhenIwalkedoutfromtheentrance,whichwascoveredwithwhitesand,towardthegarden,thewarmspringsunwasshiningsparinglythroughthetrees.Everytimeagentlebreezeblows,apieceortwoofdoublecherryblossomfalls,asifitwereapainting.Regardingthewhitesandinthegardeninfrontoftheentrance,SoanTakahashi(1861–1937),whowasactiveinthebusinessworld,ateaceremonymaster,andaclosefriendofKinmochi,wrotethefollowingwhenhevisitedSeifu-soonNovember22,1916(Taisho5):“WhenIenteredthegate,Isawlowbamboosplantedonthewhitegravel”.Basedonthedescription,itisthoughtthatthegardenpathswerecoveredwithShirakawasandatthetime,althoughtheyarenowcoveredwithgrayishgravel[Photo10].ShirakawasandismadefromthestonedebrisproducedPhoto10Kurochiku(blackbamboos;Phyllostachysnigra(Lodd.exLoud.)Munrovar.nigra)infrontoftheentranceandgravelonthegardenpathwhenSeifu-sowasusedbyKinmochiSaionji(p.92of『陶庵公影譜』(“CollectionofRarelySeenPhotosofDukeToan”)fromthecollectionoftheKyotoInstitute,LibraryandArchives)177

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duringtheprocessingofShirakawarock,awhitegranite,andhasbeenusedasgravelforlandscaping.TheShirakawarockwasproducedintheKitashirakawagraniteareabetweenMt.HieiandMt.DaimonjiinKyoto,andwasamaterialobtainedinthevicinityofSeifu-so.However,duetothedepletionofShirakawarockresourcesandlegalregulationssuchastheQuarryingActof1950(Showa25)andtheScenicLandscapeDistrictOrdinanceofKyotoCityof1970(Showa45),Shirakawasandhasbeendifficulttoobtainsincethe1980s.Itisthoughtthatthematerialofthegravelusedinthegardenpathschangedinlateryearsbecauseofthesecircumstances.Inaddition,althoughdoublefloweringcherriescannotbeseeninthepresentSeifu-soGarden,itseemsthatmanycherrytreeswereplantedwhenthegardenwascreated.Thereisarecordof14cherrytreesandsixsmallcherrytreesbeingbroughtintoSeifu-soinDecember1912(Taisho1),10cherrytreesinFebruary1913,andtwocherrytreesinAprilofthesameyear.Also,inthememoir“InMemoryofDukeSaionji”(西園寺公を偲ぶ)bySenjiKamiya,itiswrittenthattheTokudaijifamily’svillawasreportedlyafamouscherryblossomviewingspotinRakuto(easternKyoto).Thus,cherrytreesmayhavebeenplantscloselyrelatedtotheTokudaijifamily.ChangesinSeifu-soGardenafteritsCompletionSeifu-soGardenwascompletedin1913(Taisho2),andthefollowingthreenotablechangestookplaceinthegarden:thebuildingandtowingofthedetachedhouse,thelayingofthecityplanningroad,andchangesinthewatersource.First,afterthecompletionofSeifu-soGardenin1913(Taisho2),theconstructionofanewdetachedhouseeastofthemainhousebeganinFebruary1914.Itisestimatedthattheconstructionofthedetachedhousewascompletedinearly1915(Taisho4).Thisbuilding178

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ischaracterizedbyitstwo-storystructure,designedtofacesouthtoadmirethegarden(seePhotosonpages44and45).EventhoughitisthemosteasterlybuildinginSeifu-so,theviewtoMt.Daimonjiintheeastdirectionwasnotincorporatedintothedetachedhouse.Thismaybebecausetherewasalargetreeontheeastsideofthedetachedhouse.Thereasonforthisisnotclear,butasaresult,theviewofMt.Daimonjifromtheguestroomofthemainhouseistheprimaryone(seePhotoonpage20and21).Inaddition,thedetachedhousewasmovedafewmeterstothesouthbetween1927(Showa2)and1929(Showa4).Accordingtotheoldpamphlet“Seifu-so(MeishoSeifu-soGarden)”(清風荘(名勝清風荘庭園))publishedbyKyotoUniversity,thepurposeofthetowingwastobuildanearthenembankmentonthenorthsideofthedetachedhousetopreventnoisefromShirakawa-kaidoRoad(theroadonthenorthsideoftheSeifu-sosite),andthesoilusedfortheembankmentwasfromthewastesoilofthefoundationoftheMinamizaTheater(Shijo,Kyoto)whenitwasreconstructed.Mostofthesoilseemstohavebeentransportedbyhorsepower.Thetowingofthehouseshortenedthedistancebetweenthegardenpondandthedetachedhouse,andthegardenpondandtsukiyamahillsbeyondthelawnareacouldbeseeninmoredetail,whichchangedtheviewofthegardenfromonedominatedbythelawnareatoamorevariedoneincludingthegardenpondandtsukiyama.Second,in1931(Showa6),thesouthsideoftheSeifu-sositewascutoffbytheconstructionofImadegawaStreet(eastoftheKamoRiver).AlthoughthemainpartofSeifu-soGardenwasnotalteredbytheconstructionofthiscityplanningroad,thericepaddiesandtreesbehindtsukiyamahillsbecametheroadsite[Fig.2].Asaresult,thespacebehindtsukiyamabecamelessspacious,andthesenseofdepthofthegardenmayhavebeensomewhatlost.Later,thedevelopmentofthesurroundingareaalsoaffectedthenoiseandviewfromthegarden.Theimpactoftheconstructionofthecityplanningroadwasexpectedfromthebeginningoftheproject,butKinmochiwillinglyagreedtoprovidethelandfortheconstructionofthecityplanningroadifitwasforthepublicgood.179

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Fig.2「京都田中別邸実測平面図附都市計画路線昭和五年一月現在」住友史料館所蔵(“KyotoTanaka’sVilla,MeasuredGroundPlan,AttachedCityPlanningRoadLine,asofJanuary1930(Showa5)”CollectionoftheSumitomoHistoricalArchives)Asthesurroundingenvironmentchanged,thewatersourceofSeifu-soGardenalsochanged.Intheguidebook“Seifu-so”(清風荘),inthehandwritingofSenjiKamiya,thefollowingiswritten.Inthebeginning,limpidwaterfromtheOtaRiver,whichflowednorthofSeifu-so,wastakenintothegardenpond,butwhendyefactorieswerebuiltupstream,thewaterqualitydeteriorated,andawaterpurificationpondwastemporarilybuilt.However,whennoeffectwasseen,thewellwaterwaspumpedupwithanelectricpumptosupplywater.Asforthedeteriorationofwaterquality,onApril29,1925(Taisho14),YasozoKumagai,thestewardofZagyo-so,whowasvisitingSeifu-so,wroteinhisdiarythat180

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thewastewaterfromtheYuzendyeingupstreamwasbeingdrawnintothegardenpond,killingfishandweakeningthegrasses.OnMay2ofthesameyear,Kumagaiwenttoseewhatwasgoingonupstream,andstatedthattherewereaboutsixYuzendyefactories,aswellasthatthewaterhadbecomemuddybecauseoftheanilineandgluebeingwashedawayduringtheday,buryingthewaterwaysandkillingthefish.Asforthewatersuppliedbytheelectricpump,inthebiographyofAugust1929(Showa4)includedin“DukeSaionjiandProfessorKonan”(西園寺公と湖南先生),KinmochiSaionjitoldKonanNaitoaboutusingamotortosupplywaterfromawellintoapondbecausethewaterintheriverbecamemuddyasaresultofYuzen.Thename“waterpurificationpond”(浄水池)canalsobeseenonthemeasuredmap[Fig.2]ofJanuary1930(Showa5).Fromthesefacts,wecanseethatthewatersupplysystemhadchangedtooneinwhichwellwaterwaspumpedupbyelectricpumpsforusearound1929.ItissaidthattherewasaplantodrawwaterfromLakeBiwaCanaltopreventthedeteriorationofwaterquality,butKinmochifirmlyrefused,sayingthatwaterfrompublicfacilitiesshouldnotbeusedforhisprivategarden.GardenDesignbyJiheiOgawaVIITheseventhgenerationofJiheiOgawa(Ueji),whosechildhoodnamewasGennosuke,wasbornin1860(Man-en1)inYamashiroNishikotari-mura(present-dayNagaokakyocity,Kyotoprefecture)asthesecondsonofTogoroYamamoto.In1877(Meiji10),Gennosukewasadoptedasason-in-lawbytheOgawafamily,whohadalandscapingbusinessinSanjoShirakawa-bashi,and2yearslater,heinheritedthefamilyname,JiheiOgawa.AfterbeingadoptedbytheOgawafamilyforover15years,UejistudiedthetraditionalworldoflandscapegardeninginKyoto.TheturningpointofUeji’scareerasapioneerofmodernlandscapingwaswhenhehadtheopportunitytocreateagardenin181

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Murin-an,theKyotoresidenceofAritomoYamagata(1838–1922),in1894(Meiji27).DuringtheMeijiera(1868–1912)andtheTaishoera(1912–1926),YamagatahadmanymainandvillaresidencesinTokyo,Kanagawa,andKyoto,mostofwhichhadgardens.Ofthese,thegardenatChinzanso,whichwasbuiltinMejiro,Tokyoin1877(Meiji10),isknownasapioneerandisrepresentativeofnaturalisticlandscapegardens.ThenaturalisticlandscapegardenwasastylefavoredbytheemergingindustrialclassinTokyoduringtheMeijiera,emphasizingadesignthatrealisticallyincorporatedlife-sizeimagesofpleasantscenerysuchasmountainvillagesandstreams.ForUeji,whohadbeenlivinginthetraditionallandscapeofKyoto,thegardendesignthatYamagatainsistedonwassomethingdifferent,andUejiwassurprisedatfirstbyYamagata’sinstructions.However,UejiunderstoodYamagata’svision,andusingthetechniqueshehadcultivated,hebeganconstructionin1895(Meiji28).In1897(Meiji30),heledthecompletionofMurin-anGarden.Furthermore,hewasabletousetheessenceofnaturalisticlandscapegardensfreely.Thenext10years,uptoaround1907(Meiji40),aresaidtobetheperiodwhenUeji’sstylewasestablished.ThestageforcreatinggardensduringtheestablishmentperiodwasmainlytheareaatthesouthernendoftheprecinctsofNanzenjiTempleinKyoto.Duringhisnextperiodofmaturity,hisencounterwiththeindustrialistYosajiTsukamotoledtothedevelopmentofthevillaareaintheNanzenjiarea,andtheareaofUeji’sgardencreationactivitiesexpandeddramatically.UejiwasinvolvedinthecreationofSeifu-soGardenfrom1912(Meiji45)to1913(Taisho2),whenhe53–54yearsold,andthiswastheperiodofhismaturityafterhisstylewasestablished.Inthefollowingperiodofdevelopment,Ueji’sgardeningactivitiesbegantoexpandnationwidearound1918(Taisho7),andoveradecadeuntilhisdeathin1933(Showa8),helefthisfootprintsinawideareafromTokyotoYamaguchi.AlthoughtherearemanygardensthroughoutJapanthatUeji*ThemountainsontheeastsideoftheKyotoBasin.Mt.DaimonjiisalsoincludedinHigashiyama.182

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wasinvolvedin,itissaidthatthegardensofresidencesandvillasinNanzenjiandOkazakiinKyotoarequintessentialexamples.ThecharacteristicsofthegardensintheNanzenjiareaaredescribedasfollows:1)borrowthesceneryofHigashiyama*,2)haveacompositionofstreams,waterfalls,andpondswithabundantwaterintroducedfromLakeBiwaCanalortheShirakawaRiver,3)haverojiasapartofagarden,and4)havealawnareaforrecreation.Seifu-soGardenislocatedfartherfromHigashiyamathanistheNanzenjiarea,anditswatersourceistheOtaRiver,atributaryoftheTakanoRiver,soitslocationissomewhatdifferent,butithasthecharacteristicsofUeji’sgarden(borrowedviewofHigashiyama,compositionofstreams,waterfalls,andponds,roji,andlawnarea)seenintheNanzenjiareagardens.ThisshowsthatSeifu-soGardenisoneoftherepresentativegardensofUeji,whowasactiveasapioneerofmodernlandscapingfromtheMeijitotheShowaera(1926–1989).(SeeChapter1ofthisbookfortheroleUejiplayedinthedevelopmentofSeifu-so.)ViewofaRedPineForestinHigashiyamaThegardenpondontheeastside,tsukiyamahills,andtheborrowedsceneryofMt.DaimonjiinthedistanceisthemostimpressivesceneinSeifu-soGarden[Photo11].Inaddition,agroupofakamatsu(redpines;PinusdensifloraSieboldetZucc.)hasbeenplantedonthetsukiyama[Fig.3].Thetechniqueofgroupplanting,wheremultipletreesareplantedasagrouptocreatealandscapewithoutmuchattentiontotheshapeofindividualtrees,wasoneofUeji’sspecialties.Ueji,whowasorderedbyYamagatatoplantmomi(firs;AbiesfirmaSieboldetZucc.)inagroupatMurin-an,appliedthesametechniquetoothergardens,plantinggroupsofvarioustrees,includingredpine,sugi(cedar;Cryptomeriajaponica(L.f.)D.Don),hinoki,momiji(maples;Acerspp.),satsuki(Satsukiazaleas;Rhododendronindicum(L.)Sweet),dodantsutsuji(Enkianthusperulatus(Miq.)C.K.Schneid.),andasebi(Japaneseandromeda;Pierisjaponica(Thunb.)D.DonexG.Donsubsp.japonica).InSeifu-soGarden,thereisarecordofsmallpinesbeingplantedontheeasterntsukiyamaonthefrontsideofthegardenin183

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Photo11Mt.Daimonjiseenbehindtheeastsideofthetsukiyama(takenonNovember2,2019)©JunichiImanishi.December1912(Taisho1).Atthetimeofthegarden’sconstruction,theredpinesplantedonthetsukiyamaweremixedwiththeredpinesonHigashiyamathatcouldbeseeninthedistance,creatinganunbrokenlandscapeofredpinesfrominsidetooutsideofthegarden.AtYuhoen,theSumitomo’svillainShishigatani,Kyoto,UejialsoplantedagroupofredpinesontsukiyamatocreatealandscapethatwasintendedtobecontinuouswithHigashiyama.TomonariKichizaemonSumitomoXVI(1909–1993)wrotethefollowingpoemaboutthisscene:TheredpinetreesofHigashiyama,eachtrunkofwhichisredforawhile,arereflectedinthesun.Althoughalittledistant,theredtrunksoftheredpinesonHigashiyamawouldhavebeenabeautifulsightintheeveningfromSeifu-soGarden.TheforestlandscapeofHigashiyamahadchangeddrasticallyduetopinewiltdiseasefrom1980s,andredpineforestsremainedonlyonsomepartsoftheridgebythelatterhalfofthe1990s.Anotherfactorthathascontributedtothechangeintheforestlandscape184

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京都大学清風会館As賀茂女子学生会館KAsKG下下AsAsK下V下下下MME止京都市基準点MM散53.0053.00灯灯散灯標53.0054.00灯灯量W制量制M止M制制E制53.00MWMW散53.00W53.00散54.00MMMMM55.00E53.0054.0053.0053.0054.0055.0056.00物置散53.0054.0052.0053.0054.0053.0055.0054.00下53.00下53.00灯53.0054.0056.0053.0055.0054.0055.0053.00止54.0055.0054.0056.0056.0055.0054.0055.0055.0054.00下止54.00K下54.0054.0055.00下54.00石塔54.00下As京都大学学生寮下KK“GP”and“RP”denote“groupplanting”and“rowplanting”,respectively,intheFigure.TheplantnamesintheFigureareasfollows:akamatsu(redpine;PinusdensifloraSieboldetZucc.)arakashi(ring-cupoak;QuercusglaucaThunb.)hinoki(Japanesecypress;Chamaecyparisobtusa(SieboldetZucc.)Endl.)kurochiku(blackbamboo;Phyllostachysnigra(Lodd.exLoud.)Munrovar.nigra)nezumimochi(Japaneseprivet;LigustrumjaponicumThunb.)maki(Podocarpusmacrophyllus(Thunb.)Sweet)mochitsutsuji(RhododendronmacrosepalumMaxim.)mokkoku(Japaneseternstroemia;Ternstroemiagymnanthera(WightetArn.)Bedd.)momiji(maple;Acerspp.)take(bamboo)tsubaki(camellia;CamelliajaponicaL.)tsuga(southernJapanesehemlock;TsugasieboldiiCarrière)arakashiGParakashiGPnezumimochiGPtakeGPkurochikuGPmokkokuモッコク群植GPmomijiGParakashiGPtsubakiGParakashiGPtakeGParakashiGPakamatsuGPmomijiGPnezumimochiRPnezumimochiRParakashiGPtsugaGPmokkokuGPakamatsu-mochitsutsujiGParakashiRParakashiRPhinokiGPmomijiGPmomijiGPmomijiGP01020mmakiGParakashiRPFig.3Layoutofgroupplantingidentifiedinthe2007(Heisei19)surveybyKyotoUniversity(Somearerecordedasrowplantings,plantedinrows).(『名勝清風荘庭園保存修理事業報告書』(“ReportonthePreservationandRepairProjectofMeishoSeifu-soGarden”).ThisFigurewascreatedbycoloringtheFigureonpage388.)wasthechangeinthelifestyleoftheresidents,whonolongerusethenaturalresourcesofHigashiyama(e.g.,firewood,charcoal,thatch,fallenleaves).Innature,thecombinationofredpinesandazaleas,whichgrowintheunderstory,isfrequentlyobserved.Invegetationsurveysbasedonplantsociology,itissometimesclassifiedasamochitsutsuji-akamatsuassociation(Rhododendronmacrosepali-PinetumdensifloraeSuz.-Tok.1966).TheredpineforeststhatusedtobewidespreadinHigashiyamahadabrighterforestfloorthantoday’sforests,whicharedominatedbybroadleavedevergreentreessuchassii(Castanopsisspp.),andazaleassuchasmochitsutsuji(RhododendronmacrosepalumMaxim.)andkobano-mitsubatsutsuji(RhododendronreticulatumD.DonexG.Don),whichgrewwell,bloomingwithpinkorred-purpleflowersinspring.“SongofStroll”(逍遥の歌),adormitorysongoftheThirdSeniorHighSchoolundertheoldeducation185

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system,oneofthepredecessorsofKyotoUniversity,wascomposedin1904(Meiji37)andhasbeensungeversinceasthefirstsongthatnewstudentsofKyotoUniversitylearn.ThesongbecamewidelyknowntothepublicwhenitwasusedasaninsertsonginAkiraKurosawa’sfilm“NoRegretsforOurYouth”(わが青春に悔なし)in1941(Showa21).In1958(Showa33),themonumentkurenaimoyurunohi(紅もゆるの碑;MonumentofFloweringRedBlossoms)waserectedonMt.Yoshidatocommemoratethe90thanniversaryofthefoundingoftheThirdSeniorHighSchool,andin2002(Heisei14),KyotoUniversity’spublicrelationsmagazinekurenaimoyuru(紅萠;“FloweringRedBlossoms”)waspublished.Thesong(lyricswrittenbyKoiSawamura),whichhassuchacloseconnectionwithKyotoUniversity,beginsasfollows.紅萌ゆる丘の花Redblossomsonahill早緑匂ふ岸の色Colorofearlygreensmellsoftheshore都の花に嘯けばHummingapoemaboutflowersinthecity月こそかゝれ吉田山Mt.YoshidawiththemoononitThesongdepictsaspringtimesceneofMt.Yoshida,beingdyedredwithazaleasbloominginaredpineforest.UejirecreatedthisbeautifulsceneryofaredpineforestinSeifu-soGarden.Ontheeastsideoftsukiyamahills,whereMt.Daimonjicanbeseeninthebackground,redpineswereplantedinagroupandmochitsutsujiazaleaswereplantedundertheredpines.YuhoenGardenatthefootofHigashiyamamountains,whichUejicreatedbyorderofTomoitoSumitomo,floweringshrubswereplantedundertheredpinesontsukiyamahills,buttheseweredodantsutsuji(Enkianthusperulatus(Miq.)C.K.Schneid.).Itisinterestingtonotethatmochitsutsuji(RhododendronmacrosepalumMaxim.)werechosenforSeifu-so.Thedodantsutsujihasexcellentcharacteristicsasagardenplant,withsmall,bell-shapedwhiteflowersinspringandbrightredleavesinautumn,butitisnotaplantthatcanbeseenintheHigashiyamamountains.InSeifu-soGarden,itisthoughtthatKinmochiSaionjihadintendedtoplantmochitsutsujiazaleastoreproducethebeautifulsceneryoftheredpineforestsatthenearbyMt.Yoshidaand186

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Mt.Daimonji(seePhotoonpage78inJapaneseedition).Seifu-soGardenwasalsoplantedwithhinokicypress.Thereisarecordthat12largeand25mediumhinokitreeswereplantedonthehillsidefromNovembertoDecember1912(Taisho1).Today,however,onlyafewhinokitreesremainontsukiyamahillsbehindthepondonthewestside[Fig.3].RojiTheperiodfromthemiddleoftheMeijieratotheTaishoandearlyShowaeras,whenUejiwasactive,wasatimewhentheemergingindustrialclasspursuedtheirownuniqueculture.WhiletheyworkedtointroduceWesternvaluesandstyles,theyneverforgotthetraditionalJapaneseculture.Theywereinterestedincalligraphy,paintings,antiques,architecture,gardens,etc.,andoftenheldteapartiestodeepentheirfriendship.Ueji’sstyle,whichaccuratelycapturedthetastesofthesepeopleandskillfullyexpressedtheminhisgardens,becameestablishedasamoderngardenstyle.AccordingtoAmasaki,whohasbeenstudyingUeji’sgardens,therojiofUeji’sgardenistrulyopenandhascompletelychangedtheimageofthetraditionalroji.Healsosaidthattherojithat“ignorestheprinciplesoftheteaceremonygarden”isthe“rojiofUeji”.Asanexample,inMurin-anandTairyu-sanso,therojiissetupbesideastream,andbecauseofthis,thesoundsignatureoftheteaceremonyisdrownedoutbythesoundofwater.AmasakiconsidersthatthecharacteristicofUeji’srojiistheresultofhisdecipheringthenaturalviewofasenchateaceremony,“boilingteaeverywhereinthegreatoutdoors”(大自然のもとで、随所に茶を煮る),andskillfullyintegratingitwiththerojiformatchateaceremony.TherojiinSeifu-soGardenalsohasthecharacteristicsofUeji’srojiinthatitislocatedbesideastream.However,asthereiscurrentlyalowvolumeofwaterinthestream,thereisnoneedtoworrythattheteaceremonywillbedelayed.However,newspaperarticlesdescribingthegardenatthetimeofitscreationstated,“AtributaryoftheShirakawaRiverflowsmurmuringlyfromeast187

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towestinthemiddleoftheirsecludedgarden.”(白川の支流が潺々として其の奥床しい庭の中央を東から西へ流れてゐる)and“ThewateroftheShirakawaRiverflowsmurmuringlybythecold,mossyrootsoftherocks.”(白川の水が苔蒸した冷たい岩の根を潺々と流れてゐる).Therefore,thewatervolumemayhavebeenmoreabundantwhenthewaterwasdrawnfromtheOtaRiver.AsfortherojiofSeifu-so,itisinterestingtoreadanessaybySoanTakahashi,whowasalsoateamaster,whenhevisitedSeifu-soin1916(Taisho5).Lookingattheflowoftheroji[Photo4],SoanpraisedthefactthatMarquisKinmochihadmasteredtheartofgardenconstruction.Hefoundthatthestraightviewthatallowsvisitorstoseethewaterflowingfromtheupperpartofthegardenbetweenthetreesandrocks,windingandhiding,isnotseeninconventionalJapanesegardens,butonlyinMurin-an.Ofcourse,thisisnotonlybecauseofKinmochi’skeeneye,butalsobecauseUejiwasinvolvedinthegarden’screation,butSoan’sobservationissurprisinginthathenoticedthatthesameinnovativemethodofgardencreationastheMurin-anGardenwasadoptedunknowingly.GardenRocksUejioftenusedthesplendidKuramarocksfromKyotoforhissteppingstones.Asmentionedearlier,thenewspaperreporterwhovisitedSeifu-sowhenthegardenwascompletedalsoemphasizedthatPhoto12Asteppingstoneinfrontoftheguestroom©JunichiImanishi.188

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Photo13Moriyamarocksetupbythewestgardenpond(PhototakenonNovember26,2013)©JunichiImanishi.thegardenrockswerefromfamousproductionareassuchasKuramaandKasagi.Infact,Seifu-sousesalarge,elegantKuramarockforthesteppingstoneinfrontoftheguestroom[Photo12].However,Uejiwasnotconcernedwithbrand-nameproductssuchaschert,Kuramarock,andKibunerock,whicharetraditionalgardenrocksofKyoto,butrather,hecompeteditbyhandlingtheminawaythattookadvantageofthecharacteristicsofgardenrocksthatwereinexpensiveandavailableinlargequantities.MoriyamarockfromthewestshoreofLakeBiwahadbeenunknownuntilbeingdiscoveredbyUeji,whowasthefirsttopayattentiontothetransportationoftheLakeBiwaFirstCanal,whichwascompletedin1890(Meiji23).MoriyamarockwasbroughttoKyotoinlargequantitiesthroughtheLakeBiwaCanalandwasindispensableforgardensinKyotountiltheearlyShowaera.Moriyamarock,characterizedbyitsfoldedstripes,wasusedatkeyplacesinSeifu-soGarden,suchasaprominentplaceoppositethewestgardenpond[Photo13].189

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TomoitoSumitomo’sInterestinCreatingGardensItiswellknownthatTomoitoSumitomowasUeji’sbiggestclient.FromthebeginningoftheMeiji40s(1907–1912),UejiwasinchargeofallthegardensrelatedtotheSumitomofamily,includingKeitakueninOsakaChausuyama,Seifu-so,Shishigatanivilla(Yuhoen)andKinugasavillainKyoto,andthemainresidenceinSumiyoshi.UejiwasalsoinvolvedinthegardencreationoftheSurugadaimainresidenceofTomoito’selderbrother,KinmochiSaionji,inTokyo,aswellastheZagyo-soinOkitsu,Shizuoka,bothofwhichwerebuiltusingSumitomo’sfunds.IthasbeenspeculatedthattheencounterbetweenTomoitoSumitomoandUejiwastriggeredbyTomoito’spositionasacouncilorofheiantentosenhyakunenkinensaikyosankai(平安奠都千百年紀年祭協賛会;theSupporters’Associationforthe1,100thAnniversaryFestivalinCommemorationoftheTransferoftheCapitaltoHeian-kyo).Despiteasmallbudgetandalimitedconstructionperiod,UejicompletedthegardenofHeianShrine,whichwasbuilttocommemoratethe1,100thanniversaryofthetransferofthecapitaltoHeian-kyo,byworkingtirelesslytoobtainacontractfromtheOsakaForestServiceDistrictOfficeforthesaleofgardenrocksfromtheruinsofagardenbelievedtobetheremainsofFushimiCastleinMomoyamagovernment-ownedforest.ThesuccessofthispublicworkprojectincreasedtheconfidenceofthegovernmentinUeji,whichledtohisinvolvementinpublicworksprojectssuchastheImperialKyotoMuseumin1897(Meiji30),theKyotoPrefectureOfficein1904(Meiji37),andtheMaruyamaParkimprovementsin1913(Taisho2).TomoitomusthaveseenUeji’ssuccessandskillinthosegardenssuchastheHeianShrineGardenandMurin-anGarden,deepeninghistrust,andaskedhimtocreateagarden.TomoitoSumitomohimselfhadastronginterestincreatinggardens,andhesometimesvisitedfamousexamplesinKyoto.InOctoberof1911(Meiji44),aroundthetimehebeganconstructionofSeifu-so,TomoitowasaccompaniedbyhiseldestdaughterTaka,Torazo190

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Iida,andNobuSudotoKanazawatovisitKenrokuPark(nowKenrokuen)asareferenceforcreatinggardens.InKenrokuPark,Tomoitopaidparticularattentiontoastonebridge.Atthistime,Uejiwasalsoaccompanyinghim.Also,inApril1912(Meiji45),TomoitoandhiswifewereaccompaniedbyTakatoOkayamaKorakuenGarden,andreturnedtotheirresidencethesameday.Thisisalsosaidtohavebeenintendedasareferenceforthecreationofgardens.ThefollowingisastoryaboutTomoito’sconstantattentiontotreesandrocks.Oneyear,TakumaIba*,whowasinShanghaiatthattime,wasrestingattheKankaijiHotelinBeppuafteranillness,andTomoitohappenedtovisithimthere.Tomoito,whowashavinglunchwithhim,waslookingatthelargerockinthegardenandwantedtomoveittothegardeninShishigatani.WhenTakumaaskedhimhowhewasgoingtocarryit,herepliedwithouthesitationthatitwouldbenothingifhesplititintothreepiecesandcarriedthem.Alittlelater,TokuanTokushichiNomura,ateamasterandthefounderoftheNomuraFinancialGroup,builtavillacalledHekiunsointheNanzenjiareaandorderedUejitocreateagarden.ItissaidthatTomoitosometimesvisitedthegardenandgavehisopiniononthearrangementofgardenrockswhichweresometimesmovedaccordingtohisrighteouswords.ThereisalsothefollowingstoryaboutthestrengthofTomoito’sattachmenttothegardenhecreated.In1925(Taisho14),TomoitoorderedUejitocreateagardenfortheSumiyoshiMainResidence,andhisapprentice,acertainMr.Takinomi,wasworkingonthesitebasedonUeji’sdesign.Tomoitocalledout,“Takinomi,Takinomi”andcommandedhimtofetchsomething.InthegardenoftheSumiyoshiMainResidence,notmanytreeswereused,butmainlymaki(Podocarpusmacrophyllus(Thunb.)Sweet),whichwerealsoplantedinthefrontgarden.Tomoitorecitedthepoem,“Thefieldsandmountainsarebeautiful,andweshallliveinpeaceinSumiyoshiandpassathousandyearsincomfort”(野も*ThirdsonofTeigoIba,whoservedasthesecondGeneralDirectorofSumitomo.191

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山もいときよらけき住吉にすみここちよく千世を経ぬへし),butattheendoftheyear,hefellillforthelasttime.OnFebruary27,1926(Taisho15),justbeforeTomoitopassedaway,hisaide,TsuneyoshiMonokawa,wasunexpectedlysummonedbyTomoitoandapproachedhimonthefloor,whereTomoitoasked,“Howisthemakitree?”HehadhisheartsetontheonetreehehadjusttransplantedfromShishigatani.ItissaidthatwhileUejiwasresourceful,hewasalsoabletospeakfranklywithouthidinghisthoughts,whichwontheheartofTomoito.UejiwasonlyslightlyolderthanTomoito,andalthoughtherewasagreatdifferenceintheirstatuses,thefactthattheywerebothadoptedchildrenseemedtogivethemsomethingincommon.ThedepthoftheirconnectioncanbeseeninthefactthatonFebruary27,1926,thesamedaythatTomoitowasworriedaboutthemakitree,hecalledSeiichiMaruyama,acloseassociateofhis,andinstructedhimtoconsultwithJiheiOgawatochooseagoodplaceinSagatobeburied.Seifu-soGardenCreatedbyKinmochiSaionjiTherenovationtoSeifu-sowascarriedoutatthebehestofTomoitoandthewillofKinmochi.ThefactthatKinmochiwasinvolvedinthecreationofSeifu-soGardencanbeseenfromthewordsofthegardener(unknownifitwasUejihimself)quotedintheKyotoHinodeShimbun:“TheMarquiswasveryparticularabouttheplacementoftherocksinthegarden,andIcan’ttellyouhowmanytimesIhadtore-arrangetherocksinthisgarden”.Also,whenSoanTakahashivisitedSeifu-soin1916(Taisho5),Kinmochitoldhim,“Theoldhousewasbadlydamaged,soIfinallytookitdownfourorfiveyearsagoandbuiltanewsmallhouseasyoucansee,expandedthelandtothesouthwest,andtriedtocreateagardeninmyownway”,whichshowsthathisintentionswerereflectedinthecreationofSeifu-soGarden.Inaddition,asmentionedearlier,Tomoitoalsohadastronginterestincreatinggardens,anditis192

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thoughtthathesometimesexpressedhisopinionsongardendesign.However,itissaidthatTomoitodidnotchangehispolitehabitoftalkingtohiselderbrotherSanetsuneandKinmochiacrossthetatamimats,soitcanbeinferredthatheputKinmochi’sintentionsfirstincreatingSeifu-soGarden.AlthoughitdoesnotdirectlyshowtheinvolvementofKinmochiandTomoitointhecreationofthegarden,thereisstillastorythatgivesusaglimpseoftheirinvolvementintheprocess.Oneday,whentherenovationofSeifu-sowasnearingitsendandthewallswerenotyetcompleted,KinmochiandTomoitowerehavinglunchinatatamiroom.Twomerchantsthencasuallydrovearickshawintothegarden.KinmochiandTomoitoshouted,“Whoareyou?!”atalmostthesametime,followedbyTomoitosaying,“Youmustnotcomeinoroutafterthis.”Afterthat,bothweretemporarilybannedfromcomingandgoing.Asshowninthisepisode,wecanimaginethatKinmochiandTomoitomayhavegatheredatSeifu-sotowatchthegardenbeingbuiltandexchangedopinionsongardendesign.In1913(Taisho2),KinmochieffectivelyresignedfromthepresidencyoftheSeiyukaiandsettleddownatSeifu-soinKyototoavoidthepoliticalworld.Seifu-so,whichwasclosetoKyotoImperialUniversity,wasalsoconvenientforKinmochitocommunicatewithprofessorssuchasKonanNaito,whowasoneofthetopprofessorsinJapanatthattimeinregardtoChineseliteratureandOrientalhistory,whichwerehishobbies.AreporterfromtheKyotoHinodeShimbuninterviewedKinmochiwhenhemovedtoSeifu-so.TheMarquishasnotyetleftforanyplace.Theotherday,whentheMarquiscameforthefirsttime,theownerofKyukyodocametotheinnandspenthalfadaytalkingwithhimaboutvariousthings,andtherewerenoothervisitors.Idon’tknowifhehasgivenuponpoliticsornot.Evenaftercominghere,hejustspendseverydayinhislivingroom,writingpoetry.Sometimeshegoesouttothegardentoseetheplantingwork.193

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KyukyodoislocatedonAnekoji-agaru,Teramachi,Kamigyo-ku,Kyoto,andhasbeensellingperfumesandinkbrushessincetheEdoperiod.EvenwhenhewasnotinKyoto,KinmochifrequentlysentletterstoNobuyoshiKumagaiofKyukyodo,orderingstationerysuchasincense,brushes,inkstones,andpaper,custom-madeitemssuchasdesks,silversakecups,andseals,andmountsforhangingscrolls.InhisdailylifeatSeifu-so,hehadsomepoliticalguests,butunlikeSurugadaiteiinTokyoandZagyo-soinOkitsu,hehadmanyinteractionswithscholarsandliterati(seepage269ofthisbookinJapaneseedition).FromtheTaishoandShowaeras,scholarsandliteratioftenvisitedSeifu-soandmadefriendswithKinmochi.TheyincludedscholarsfromKyotoImperialUniversitysuchasKonanNaito,NaokiKano,andShinzoShinjo,aswellasliteratisuchasUzanNagao,TetsujoKuwana,andDokusanHashimoto.Kinmochilookedforwardtotalkingwiththesepeople.Inparticular,hisinteractionwithKonanNaitowasveryspecial.SenjiKamiya,whowasthestewardofSeifu-so,recallsthatoneofthepleasuresofKinmochi’svisittoKyotowastotalkwithKonanNaito.Now,letustakeaglimpseofwhatthegardenlookedlikeinthosedaysfromtheessaysofliteratiwhovisitedSeifu-so.TheAreaaroundSeifu-soWhentheGardenWasCompletedIssoteiNishikawawasbornintoafamilyoftheKyofuryuschoolofflowerarrangementin1878(Meiji11),andsucceededastheseventhheadofKyofuryuschoolin1913(Taisho2).HestudiedChinesestudiesandpainting,hadadeepknowledgeofartandtraditionalperformingarts,andinteractedwithSosekiNatsumeandTessaiTomioka.Themagazine“BottleHistory”(瓶史),launchedbyIssoteiin1930(Showa5),becameajournalthatdiscussednotonlyikebanaflowerarrangement,butalsotraditionalJapaneseculturesuchasteaceremonies,gardens,andarchitecture,andformedasalonforculturalresearch.HemetKinmochiSaionjithroughFujiiBaioku,akimonoshopinKyoto,andtheirfriendshipdeepened.In1915(Taisho4),hevisitedKinmochiatSeifu-soandput194

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flowersinhishands.Around1918(Taisho7),Issoteireceivedadonationofascrollwiththeinscription“Flower,Back,Taoistimmortal”(花裏神仙)fromKinmochi,whichhecherishedfortherestofhislife.Theessay“TheDukeToanatSeifu-so”(清風荘の陶庵公)in“ElegantLife”(風流生活)containsanessaybyIssoteiaboutthetimewhenhemetKinmochi.Itislikelythatthisessaywaswrittenaround1914(Taisho3)becausehewrote,“Atthistime,thenewspaperswerebadmouthingthecharacterofCountYamamotointheSiemensscandalasifhewerealoansharkorsomething.”First,thesceneryfromDemachiBridgetoSeifu-soisdescribedasfollows.WhenIcrossedtheDemachiBridgeinKamoandwentabout100or200metersdowntheroad,Isawthattheleftsideoftheroadwaspackedwithnewhousesforrent,likeatown,butbetweenthemtherewerestillteaandleekfieldsinplaces.Onsunnydays,peasantsoftenweedorcarrymanuretroughswiththeirspouses.Ontherightside,thereisanewvillawallabout1.8metershighand100meterslongwithastonewallpiledupinacrumblingpatternandatrimmedhedgeofhinokicypressontop.ThisisthevillaofDukeSaionji.Inthemidstofarurallandscapeofteaandleekfields,wherehesawpeasants,stoodthenewlycompletedSeifu-so.ThestonewallfacingthewestsideofSeifu-sositeandthehedgeontopofitweremadeofhinokicypress,asreportedintheKyotoHinodeShimbunonMarch26,1913(Taisho2),butthehinokihedgehadbeentrimmed.Thestonewallatthebaseofthehedgewaskuzurezumi(acrumblingpile),whichhasnotchangedtothepresent[Photo8].Kuzurezumiisamethodofstackingnaturalrockswithoutprocessing,combininglargeandsmallrocksandstackingtheminawayasiftheynaturallycollapsed.Ahighlevelofskillisrequiredtopileuprocksofdifferentsizestocreateabeautifulstonewallwithauniformtopedge.195

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KurochikuBambooGardeninFrontoftheEntranceIssoteihasthefollowingimpressionsofthekurochikubamboogardeninfrontoftheentrance,whichislocatedjustinsidethemaingateofSeifu-so(seePhotosonpages10and11).AfterenteringtheelegantgatewithanwoodenplaquewiththefourlettersofSeifu-son-so*(清風村荘)inwhite,therearelowkurochikubamboosonbothsidesoftheentrance,asifwewerelookingataliteratipainting.WhenIwaseighteenornineteenyearsold,Ifoundaquaintthicketofkurochikubamboointhesuburbsofmyhometown,andIoncethoughtofbuildingalibrarylikeapaintinginathicketofkurochikubambooandmakingitmyownvilla.Formorethantenyearssincethen,IhavebeensobusywithreallifeproblemsthatIhaveforgottenaboutthevillainkurochikubamboo,butnowIcannothelpbutsmilewhenIseethedreamofmorethantenyearsagorealizedintheDuke’svilla.Atthesametime,Ifeltnostalgic,imaginingtheDuke’shobbiesandpersonality.Lookingatthekurochikubamboogardeninfrontoftheentrance,Issoteisaiditwaslikelookingataliteratipainting,andthathemissedseeinghisdreamofadecadeagocometrue.WhenSoanTakahashivisitedSeifu-soin1916(Taisho5),hecommentedthathehadseenagardeninSuzhou,China,withbamboogrovesallaroundthegate,whichwasveryinteresting,andhehadbeenthinkingoftryingitsomeday.ItcanbeseenthatthekurochikugardenwashighlyvaluedbyIssoteiNishikawaandSoanTakahashiasbeingofliteratitaste.RegardingtheshortstatureofkurochikuinSeifu-so,SenjiKamiyaexplainsasfollows:TheDukewasparticularlyfondofbamboo.However,hedislikedlarge,ordinarybambooswiththeirheadscutoff,preferringthin,shortbambooswiththeirmainstemsuncutandgrowingnaturally.*FromthePhotoonpage90of『陶庵公影譜』(“CollectionofRarelySeenPhotosofDukeToan”),wecanseethatthecorrectnameis清風荘“Seifu-so”,not清風村荘“Seifuson-so”(seepage110ofthisbook).196

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Photo14KurochikubamboogardeninfrontoftheentrancewhenitwasusedbyKinmochiSaionji(p.93of『陶庵公影譜』(“CollectionofRarelySeenPhotosofDukeToan”)fromthecollectionoftheKyotoInstitute,LibraryandArchives)Thesmall,squatkurochikubamboosthatgrowdenselyonbothsidesofthepathwayfromthegatetotheentranceareuniquetotheresidence,havingbeentransformedovertheyearsfromlargekurochikubamboosbyagardenerontheorderoftheDuke.It’sararespeciesthatcan’tbefoundanywhereelse.IwouldsayitistheDuke’sartifact.ThebambooinfrontoftheentranceisaparticularfavoriteoftheDuke,andagreatdealofefforthasgoneintocultivatingittokeepitinperfectshape.Kurochikuisamedium-sizedbamboothatgrowstoaheightof3–5meters.Inthefirstyear,theculm,whichcorrespondstothestemandtrunk,isinitiallygreen,butblackspotsgraduallyappearinthefall,andfromthesecondyearonward,exceptforthelightgreenleaves,blackish-brownorblackish-purplemottledpatternsfirstappear,andthenthewholeareaturnsblackish-purple.ItissaidthatKinmochipreferredthenaturalgrowthofthekurochiku,whichwasnottrimmed.InthePhotographonpage93ofthe『陶庵公影譜』(“CollectionofRarelySeen197

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PhotosofDukeToan”),thereisanaturallygrowingkurochikuabout1.5metershigh[Photo14].Itislikelythattheshortercultivarswereselectedandcultivationtechniqueswereusedtomaketheplantsshorterinnature.ThefactthatMitsuko,thewifeofSenjiKamiya’sgrandsonKosei,toldmethatwhenshetransplantedoneofthekurochikufromSeifu-sotoanotherplace,itgrewtoobig,indicatesthatitisalsoimportanttoleaveselectivelythinculmsthatwillnotgrowverymuchandnottoaddtoomuchfertilizer(Formoreinformationonthecurrentmanagementmethods,pleaserefertothisbook,“FromtheFieldofGardenManagement:InterviewwithKozoYamadaofHanatoyoLandscapingCo.,Ltd.”).Asasidenote,KinmochilovedusingabrushmadebyKyukyodowithashaftmadeofkurochikufrominfrontoftheentrancethatwasdevisedbyYoshizoNouchi,whowasinchargeofhousekeeping(seeChapter3inJapaneseedition).TheMainGardenRegardingtheviewofthegardenfromtheguestroom,Issoteidescribesitasfollows:WhenIopenedthebrightshoji,whichwasbathedinthewintersun,Ifoundmyselfinaspaciousgardenwitharatherlargepond,andthesoundofwaterfallingintothepondcouldbeheardthroughthelowtsukiyamahills.Totheeast,overlookingthetsukiyama,IcouldseethegentlepeaksofHigashiyamamountainsandafewoftheuniversitybuildings.ThiswasoriginallyavillaorsuburbanresidenceoftheTokudaijifamily,whowascloselyrelatedtotheDuke(hisbirthfamily).Therearestillsomelargetreesinthegarden,andthepondisthesameasitwasinthepast,withonlyafewchangestotherockarrangementatthewater’sedge.Theoldhousekeepersaid,“Mr.SumitomoandMr.Suehiro*werebornhere,sotheyoftencameheretoplay.‘WhenIwasalittleboy,Iusedtofloataboatonthatpond,’saidDuke*Takemaro,theelderbrotherofKinmochi,whotookovertheSuehirofamily.198

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Photo15TheHigashiyamamountainsseenfromaboveSeifu-soGarden©TomomiTakano.Kinmochi.”Thedescriptionthatthespaciouslawnandpondwerethefirstthingsthatcametomind,followedbythesoundofwaterfallingintothepondfrombetweentsukiyamahills,wasinterestingasitwasdifferentfromthecurrentgarden,wherethesoundofwaterisnotsoimpressive.WhenSoanTakahashivisitedthesitein1916(Taisho15),hewrote,“Thereisnowaytodescribethesceneryofthegardenlanternonthepondsideandtheclatteringofthespringsontherocks”(池辺の雪見燈籠に対して一道の飛泉戞々として石に激する風景筆舌の形容すべき所に非ず).“katsukatsu”(戞々;Clattering)isanexpressionofthesoundofhardobjectssuchasmetalandstonetouchingeachother,soitseemsthatthegardenhadalotofwaterandthesurroundingareawasquietatthattime,makingthesoundofwaterimpressive.ThechangeofthepondandthesuccessionoftreesfromSeifu-kanGardenhavebeendescribedthusfarinthischapter,butthestoryofthebrothersplayingandfloatingboatsonthe199

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pondisnew.WecanseethedepthofKinmochiandTomoito’sattachmenttoSeifu-so.Notethatbecausetheheightofthesurroundingbuildingswaslowatthattime,thegentlepeaksofHigashiyamacouldbeseentotheeastoverlookingthetsukiyama[Photo15].ChangesintheSeifu-soNeighborhoodLetusnowtakealookattheessay“BloomingFallingBlossoms”(落花帚記)publishedbyIssoteiNishikawain1939(Showa14).In“2Seifu-so”(二清風荘)ofChapter7“KyotoFamousGardens”(京洛名園記),wecanseethestateofSeifu-soGarden.Consideringthefactthatthereisadescriptioninthetextthat“atrainrunsoutsidetheenclosure”andthattheKyotoCityTramImadegawaLinebetweenKawaramachiImadegawaandHyakumanbenopenedin1931(Showa6),itisassumedthatthebookwaswrittenbetween1931(Showa6)and1939(Showa14).Becausethe“DukeToanofSeifu-so”(清風荘の陶庵公)in“ElegantLife”(風流生活)waswrittenaround1914(Taisho3),itdepictsthestateofSeifu-soabout20yearslater.ThefollowingisadescriptionoftheenvironmentaroundSeifu-so.ItislocatedinthevillageofTanaka,abouttwoorthreehundredmeterseastoftheEidenlineinDemachiyanagi.Thereusedtobewheatandbeanfieldsinthevicinity,andinthemidstofthewheatandbeanfields,ahedgeoftrimmingssurroundingdensegardentreesandanenclosureofbambooKenninjifencecouldbeseenfromaboutoneortwohundredmetersaway.Now,thevillageofTanakahasbeenrenamedTanaka-somethingtown,andthetownoutsidetheenclosurehasbecomeacluttered,newlyopenedareawithtrainsrunningandcarsflying.Wecanseehowurbanizationhasprogressed,acompletechangefromSeifu-sointherurallandscapeofabout20yearsago.200

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ViewoftheGardenPondIssoteidescribesthewatersidesceneryofthegardenwithparticulardetail.IncontrasttoMr.Yamagata’sMurin-an,whichisdarkandgloomy,thisgardenisalwaysbright.Inthemiddleofthegarden,totheleft,thereisawaterfallofabout1.8metersinwidthrunningdowntherocks,buttherearenomapleorpinetreesoverthewater.Thewaterisexposedundertheblueskyandwhitesun,anditisrunningontherocks.It’slikeawomanwhodoesnotknowhowtocoverherfacewithhersleeves,standinginthemiddleofacrowdedspacewithoutacareintheworld.Thisgivesitanewanduniquefeel.Ontheotherhand,thereisahinokicypressforestjustdownstream,andwhenthewatercomesinfrontofthedarkgrove,itbecomesabitgloomy.Thelightanddarktonestightenthegardenandkeepthewateralive.Atthewater’sedge,inthesummer,thereisagreengrassthatgrowslikeacattail,about0.6or0.9metershigh,fromthewater.Ithoughtitwasn’tacattailanditwasn’tareed,butwhenIgotcloser,Isawitwasamakomoplant.Thegardenwithapondplantedwithmakomoisunusual.ThismayhavebeenafavoriteoftheoldDuke.Atthattime,thetreesinthegardendidnotgrowaslargeastheydotoday,andtherewerenotreescoveringthewaterfallbesidethegardenpondontheeastside,indicatingthatthewaterflowedovertherocksundertheblueskyandwhitesun.Issoteiappreciatedthebrightnessandbluntnessofthegarden,whichgaveitanewfeelingnotseeninothergardens.Issoteialsopraisedthewaterasitflowedandenteredtheshadeofthehinokigrove,makingitmomentarilygloomy,buttherhythmofthelightanddarkchangesaccentuatedthegardenandmadethewatercomealive.Intoday’sgarden,treesgrowuniformlylarge,makingitdifficulttonoticesuchcontrastingchangesinlightanddark.Itcanalsobeseenthatthegroupplantingofhinokitreeswasanimportant201

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elementofthegardenatthattime.Issoteialsonoticedtheplantsinthegardenpond,andfounditunusualthattherewasamakomoabout0.6to0.9meterstallplantedatthewater’sedge,whichheassumedwasafavoriteofKinmochi.Makomo(Manchurianricegrass;Zizanialatifolia(Griseb.)Turcz.exStapf)[Photo16]isanemergentplantofthePoaceaefamilythatgrowsfrom1to3metershighinlakes,reservoirs,andrivers.Astheflowersareplain,itislikelythattheywereplantedtoadmiretheappearanceofthegrass.TheculmsthatareenlargedasaresultofinfectionbyabasidiomycetousfungusUstilagoesculentaHenn.becameafoodstuffcalledmakomotake,butiftheyweretohavebeenusedforfood,theywouldhavebeenplantedelsewhereontheproperty.AsIssoteimentioned,itwasraretoseeaJapanesegardenwithwildplantslikemakomoplantedinthepondatthewater’sedge,anditwasinterestingtoseehowitclearlyexpressedKinmochi’staste.TheGardenTasteofKinmochiFromthe“(Written)Tanaka-muraReport”((書面)田中村報告)ownedbytheSumitomoHistoricalArchives,“Today,Ogawabroughttwokaneighthyakumeofmixedsmallfishwithhimandreleasedthemintothepond,afterhavingshownthemtothesuperiorpersondirectly.”(本Photo16Makomogrowingwithreeds(July1,2007,atthefloodplainoftheformerOguraPond,southoftheKyotoBasin)©JunichiImanishi.202

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日小川ヨリ雑魚弐貫八百目持参直ニ御上ニ御覧ニテ御池放流之事)waswrittenonMay21,1913(Taisho2),aroundthetimeSeifu-soGardenwascompleted,indicatingthatabout10.5kilogramsofwildsmallfishwerereleasedintothegardenpond.OnJune8ofthesameyear,“Yesterday,Ogawapresenteduswithseveralhundredfireflies.Thefireflieswerereleasedatnight.”(昨日小川ヨリ数百疋蛍献上之コト*夜□蛍御放チ相成候)indicatesthatseveralhundredfireflieswerereleasedintothegarden.Regardingthefishinthegardenpond,YoshizoNouchi,whowasinchargeofhousekeepingatSeifu-so,wroteinhisarticle“Seifu-soandMemoriesofDukeToan”(清風荘と陶庵公の想出)thatKinmochiwatchedwithgreatinterestasthewildsmallfishinthegardenpondjumpedintheeveningtocatchsmallinsectsthatflewtothesurfaceofthewater.Ontheotherhand,hewrotethatKinmochidislikedcarpbecausetheymuddythewaterandfeedsmallfish.Theselectionandplantingofmochitsutsujiazaleasundertheredpinesintsukiyamahills,thefillingofthegardenpondwithwildsmallfish,thereleasingoffireflies,thepreferenceforthenaturalgrowthofthekurochikubamboo,andtheplantingofmakomointhegardenpondallseemtoexpressKinmochi’stasteformore“naturalthings.”AsforKinmochi’sgardeningtechniques,SoanTakahashisimilarlycommented,“Thepainstakingefforttoavoidartificialityandtomakethegardenasclosetonaturalaspossiblewasapparent.”(人造を避けて成るべく天然に近づかしめんとしたる苦心のほの見えて),ItisbelievedthatKinmochiactivelyincorporatedthebeautifulandbelovednaturefoundaroundhimintohisowngardenwithafreeridea,withoutbeingboundbytheconventionalJapanesegardenstyle.BirdBreedingWhenKinmochigottiredofreading,hewentoutandstrolledtothevegetablegardenthatwasbehindtsukiyamahills.SoanTakahashi,whovisitedSeifu-soonNovember22,1916(Taisho5),wrotethatthere*Intheoriginal,itisacombinationofthecharactersコandト.203

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wereflowerbeds,potatofields,andricepaddiesofseveralhundredsquaremetersbehindthetsukiyama,andthattheviewofricebeingharvestedanddriedinthelateeveningwaslikebeingincontactwitharuralscenefarawayfromthecity.HealsowrotethatKinmochihadastudyofsixtatamimatsinsizebuiltfacingthericepaddiesasarestingplaceforhiswalks.Intheessay,“MyFatherTessai’sThings”(父・鉄斎のこと),ToshikoTomioka,thedaughterofTessaiTomioka,writesabouthermemoriesafterthereunionbetweenTessaiandDukeToanin1916(Taisho5),anddescribesthestudyasasmallcountry-stylepavilionlocatedinthewesterncornerofthevilla,withricegrowinginthericefieldinfrontofit.Inaddition,craneswerekeptinSeifu-soGarden[Photo17].OnMay10,1915(Taisho4),KinmochicommissionedacarpenterinKyoto,YataroIsomura,tobuildthehousingforcranes,whichwaslocatedinthesoutheastcorneroftheSeifu-sosite[Fig.2].SoanTakahashi,whovisitedSeifu-soin1916(Taisho5),commentedthatthesceneofmaleandfemalecranesandababycranestandingtogetherlookedevenmorePhoto17Tancho(red-crownedcrane;Grusjaponensis(Müller,1766))bredbyKinmochiSaionji(p.93of『陶庵公影譜』(“CollectionofRarelySeenPhotosofDukeToan”)fromthecollectionoftheKyotoInstitute,LibraryandArchives)204

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cranehousewisteriatrellisFig.4AplanofSeifu-so,publishedin『清風荘』(theguidebook“Seifu-so”)inthehandwritingofSenjiKamiya(yearofcreationunknown,神谷家文書(KamiyaFamilyDocument)2-11)graceful.ToshikoTomiokaalsorecallsthatKinmochistartedkeepingcraneswhensomeonegavehimthem,andthatthecranehousewasacircularwiremeshthesizeofasmallhouse,inwhichtwocraneswerekept.Later,withthelayingofthecityplanningroadin1931(Showa6),thecranehousewasmovedtotheeastsideofthewisteriatrellisacrosstheearthenbridgeandbehindthetsukiyama[Fig.4].Thecraneswerewelllikedbythepeopleofthetown,andtheirvoicescouldbeheardasfarawayasDemachiyanagi.ThetwocranesweredonatedtotheKyotoCityKinenZooonOctober27,1941(Showa16),afterthedeathofKinmochi,andwerekeptthereuntiltheirdeathin1945and1947.Inaddition,Kinmochilovedandnurturedavarietyofsmallbirds.InIssotei’s“ElegantLife”(風流生活),Kinmochiisdepictedsetting205

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upfiveorsixbirdcages[Photo18]inhisstudyatSeifu-soandfeedinglittlebirds.Inadditiontouguisu(Japanesebushwarbler;Horornisdiphone(Kittlitz,1830)),kotsubame(mugimakiflycatcher;Ficedulamugimaki(Temminck,1835))andkikuitadaki(goldcrest;Regulusregulus(Linnaeus,1758))werekeptinthehouse.Seifu-soGardenaftertheDeathofKinmochiAfterKinmochi’sdeathinNovember1940(Showa15),Seifu-sowaskeptbytheSumitomofamily.AccordingtothediaryleftbytheKamiyafamilyfromJanuary1941(Showa16)tothebeginningofthefollowingyear,asof1941(Showa16),therewerelive-inworkerswhodiddailyyardwork.TheannexedhousewheretheKamiyafamilylivedwasatwo-familyhouse,mostofwhichwasusedbytheKamiyafamily,butacorneronthewestsidewasusedasadormitoryforgardeners.Inaddition,gardenerswerehiredonatemporarybasistotendthegardenbeforethegardenparty.ThesetemporarygardenerswereartisansunderJiheiOgawaIX,anditisthoughtthatthemanagementofthegardenhadbeenentrustedtoJiheiOgawasincethegardenwascreatedbyUeji(JiheiOgawaVII).Photo18BirdcagesusedbyKinmochiSaionji©TomomiTakano.206

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In1944(Showa19),Seifu-sowasdonatedtoKyotoImperialUniversitytocommemoratethelegacyofKinmochi,whosupportedtheestablishmentofKyotoImperialUniversitybothasMinisterofEducationandasaprivatecitizen.SenjiKamiya,whohadbeenthestewardofSeifu-sosince1924(Taisho13),continuedtoliveonthegroundsofSeifu-soandengageinfacilitymanagementevenafterthedonationofSeifu-so,ashewashiredbytheuniversity.Hisdaughter,Setsuko(1915–2012),wasalsohiredbytheuniversityin1944,andlivedonthegroundsofSeifu-soandengagedinfacilitymanagementuntilshereachedtheageof70yearsandretiredin1985(Showa60).AccordingtoSetsuko’sson,KoseiKamiya,hemovedfromSumitomo’scompanyhousingsouthofImadegawaStreettoSeifu-sowhenhewas2yearsold(around1940),andlivedonthegroundsofSeifu-sountilhisuniversitydays.KoseiremembersthatwhenKamiyawasserving,gardenersalwayscameintoSeifu-so,andthewomentookcareofthegardenbyremovingweeds.However,duringtheyearsofWorldWarII,thegardenwashardlytended.Itwasroughforawhileafterthewar,andtherewasnowaterinthepond.Therefore,whenKoseiwasinthethirdorfourthgrade(around1946and1947),heusedtoplaybaseballfromthebuildingtothepond.Also,childrenfromtheneighborhoodgatheredatSeifu-soandplayedhide-and-seekintheunmanagedlandbehindthetsukiyama.Thus,althoughSeifu-soGardenwastemporarilyunmanagedduringandafterthewar,theuniversityestablishedtheSeifu-soManagementCommitteeimmediatelyafterthedonation(seeChapter1ofthisbook),andhasbeenmanagingittomemorializepermanentlythestyleoftheKinmochi.In1951(Showa26),thegarden(asSeifu-soGarden)wasdesignatedasanationalplaceofscenicbeautyundertheLawfortheProtectionofCulturalProperties,whichhadjustbeenenactedthepreviousyear,integratingandexpandingtheHistoricSites,PlacesofScenicBeauty,andNaturalMonumentsPreservationLaw,andtheNationalTreasuresPreservationLawandanotherlaw.Thefollowingisadescriptionofthesitewhenitwasdesignatedasaplaceofscenicbeauty.207

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Seifu-sousedtobeavillaoftheTokudaijifamilyintheEdoperiod,butwaslatermovedtotheSaionjifamilyandreconstructed.ThelateKinmochiSaionjiwasbornhere.ThegardenwascreatedintheMeijiera.Infrontofthebuilding,thereareasoftlyundulatinglawn,shallowponds,andacentralisland.Twotsukiyamahillsandtreesattherearofthegardenformthebackgroundofthegarden.ThebrightandopenlandscapecreatedbythelargelawnandwatersurfaceisoneofthecharacteristicsoftheMeijiera,andcanbesaidtobearepresentativegardenofthisperiod.Althoughtherearesomedifferencesfromthefactsrevealedtodaybecauseofthelackofresearchatthetime,itisclearthatSeifu-soGardenwashighlyevaluatedasarepresentativegardenofthetime.AlthoughoneofthemotivationswastoavoidtheseizureofthegardenbytheUSOccupationForces,itwasgroundbreakingtohavethisgarden,whichwasa“new”culturalproperty,designatedasanationalplaceofscenicbeautyin1951(Show26),lessthan40yearsafteritscreation.Thereareseveralnationaluniversitiesthatownnationalimportantculturalproperties,butKyotoUniversityistheonlyonethatownsanationalplaceofscenicbeauty,andSeifu-soGardenhasbecomeasymbolicfacilityofKyotoUniversity.Afteritsdesignationasaplaceofscenicbeauty,Seifu-soGardencametobemanagedasaculturalproperty.AlthoughthetransitionofthelandscapingcompaniestowhichKyotoUniversityhasentrustedprofessionalgardenmanagementservicesisnotknown,theoldpamphlet“Seifu-so(MeishoSeifu-soGarden)”(清風荘(名勝清風荘庭園))publishedbyKyotoUniversityshowsthatKobayashiZoen(thethirdgeneration)wasentrustedwiththework,andthe“ReportonthePreservationandRepairProjectofMeishoSeifu-soGarden”(名勝清風荘庭園保存修理事業報告書)showsthatHanatoyoLandscapingCo.,Ltd.hasbeenentrustedwiththeprojectsince2007(Heisei19).ThebudgetforthemanagementofSeifu-soGardenwasminimizedbecauseoftheseverefinancialsituationoftheuniversityin208

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1.PeriodicrepairOnceevery30–50years2.ConstantmaintenanceDailyworkIrregularwork3.EmergencyrepairAllyearMulti-yearcycleWeeding,cleaning,sprinkling,scheduledpruning,etc.Renewalofbambooandsleevefences,repairofminordamage,irregulartreeremovalandpruning,etc.PeriodicalreviewofthemanagementdetailsProposalofaneconomicalandefficientmanagementplanAsneededAsneededAsneededAsneededAsneededRepairofdamagecausedbynaturaldisasterssuchastyphoonsandearthquakes,orbyhumanfactorsFig.5Maintenancecycleofculturalpropertygardens(Partoftheillustrationin『名勝清風荘庭園保存修理事業報告書』(“ReportonthePreservationandRepairProjectofMeishoSeifu-soGarden”),p.467,hasbeenmodifiedandcolored.)maintainingthegarden.Gardenmaintenanceusuallyconsistsofdailyworksuchasweeding,cleaning,sprinkling,pruning,etc.,irregularworksuchasrepairingminordamages,whichisdoneeveryfewyears,andemergencyrepairworksuchasrepairingdamagescausedbytyphoonsorearthquakes.However,evenwithsuchmaintenanceandmanagement,itisnecessarytorepairperiodicallythepartsdamagedduetoaging,andthecycleforaculturalpropertygardenissaidtobe30–50years[Fig.5].InSeifu-soGarden,changesthatcouldnotbedealtwithbynormalmaintenanceworkaccumulatedovertime,andtheappearanceofthegardengraduallychanged.By2005(Heisei17),thetalltreesbehindtheeastsideoftsukiyamahillshadgrownsolargethatitwasimpossibletoseetheDaimonji(thefirepitsarrangedintheshapeofdai(大)nearthetopofMt.Daimonji)fromthegarden.Inaddition,seedsofshuro(windmillpalm;Trachycarpusfortunei(Hook.)H.Wendl.),kusunoki(camphorlaurel;Cinnamomumcamphora(L.)J.Presl),mukunoki(Aphanantheaspera(Thunb.)Planch.),andenokiwerecarriedfromoutsidethegardenbybirds,andmanyunplantedtreesbecame209

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(Left)Photo19Tsukiyamahill,whichhadbecomethinbecauseoferosion,andagardenpathwithanobscuredoutline(beforethepreservationandrepairproject)(Right)Photo20Tsukiyamahillandthegardenpathafterrepair(afterthepreservationandrepairproject)Photographs19and20arebothfrom『名勝清風荘庭園保存修理事業報告書』(“ReportonthePreservationandRepairProjectofMeishoSeifu-soGarden”),p.22oftheRepairPhotographs.established,makingthegardendarkwithpoorvisibility.Inaddition,thereweremanyothertypesofdamagetothegardensuchasthetopsoiloftsukiyamahillsbeingwashedoutasaresultofthedeclineofgroundcoverplantscausedbythelackofsunlight,thestoneworkbeingtiltedbecauseofthegrowthoftreeroots,thegardenpathsbeingobscured,andthebottomofthegardenpondbeingcracked.Inresponsetothissituation,BasicPlanfortheMaintenanceandUtilizationofMeishoSeifu-soGarden(名勝清風荘庭園整備活用基本計画)wasformulatedin2006(Heisei18),andthepreservationandrepairprojectwascarriedoutfrom2007(Heisei19)to2013(Heisei25)accordingly.Inthepreservationandrepairproject,theentireareaofSeifu-soGarden,includingtheplantingareas,gardenpaths,gardenpond,streams,tsukiyamahills,andbuildingexteriors,wasthoroughlyrepairedafterthepolicywasfullydiscussedthroughtheresearchofhistoricalmaterials,anarchaeologicalinvestigation,andtestconstruction[Photos19,20].Althoughitwasthebasicpolicytorestorethegardentoitsoriginalstate,theenvironmentsurroundingthegardenwasdifferentfromwhatitwasatthattime,sosomepartswererepairedinaccordancewiththesituation.TosecuretheviewtotheDaimonjifromtheguestroomandlawnarea,alandscapesimulationbylasersurveyingwascarriedoutinadvance[Photo21,Fig.6]becausetheurbanizationofthesurroundingarea210

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HigashiyamaMt.DaimonjiSeifu-soGardenFig.6CombiningtheshapedataofSeifu-soGardenanditssurroundingbuildingsacquiredbyalaserscannerandtheelevationdataofHigashiyamamountainsasmeasuredbytheGeospatialInformationAuthorityofJapan(早瀬真弓・今西純一・中村彰宏・戸田健太郎・森本幸裕「地上型レーザースキャナを用いた庭園の借景復元に関する景観シミュレーション」『ランドスケープ研究（オンライン論文集）』2巻、2009年、62～66頁MayumiHayase,JunichiImanishi,AkihiroNakamura,KentaroToda,andYukihiroMorimoto.LandscapesimulationforrestoringborrowedsceneryofaJapanesegardenusingaterrestriallaserscanner.LandscapeResearchJapanOnline,2009,Vol.2,pp.62–66)Photo21Laserscannerusedtosurveythegardenforthelandscapesimulation(PhototakenonOctober30,2007)©JunichiImanishi.211

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LineindicatingtheheightofsurroundingbuildingsLineshowingtheelevationofHigashiyamamountainsFig.7TheviewtowardDaimonjifromtheviewpointnearthegardenpondontheeastside.ThesurroundingbuildingsandHigashiyamamountains,whicharehiddenbythetalltreesinSeifu-soGarden,aresuperimposedintheforeground.LineindicatingtheheightofthesurroundingbuildingsLineshowingtheheightofthetreesbeforecuttingdown5m5.5mLineshowingtheelevationoftheHigashiyamamountainsFig.8Simulationofthepruningoftalltreesattheviewpointnearthegardenpondontheeastside.ApartofthedataoftalltreesinSeifu-soGardenisdeletedfromthedataofFig.7tosimulatethescenicviewinthedirectionofDaimonji.212

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LineindicatingtheheightofsurroundingbuildingsLineshowingtheelevationofHigashiyamamountainsFig.9TheviewtowardDaimonjifromtheviewpointneartheguestroom.ThesurroundingbuildingsandHigashiyamamountains,whicharehiddenbythetalltreesinSeifu-soGarden,aresuperimposedintheforeground.LineindicatingtheheightofthesurroundingbuildingsLineshowingtheheightofthetreesbeforecuttingdownLineshowingtheelevationoftheHigashiyamamountains5mFig.10Simulationofthepruningoftalltreesattheviewpointclosetotheguestroom.ApartofthedataoftalltreesinSeifu-soGardenisdeletedfromthedataofFig.9tosimulatethescenicviewinthedirectionofDaimonji.Fig.7–10areallfrom「地上型レーザースキャナを用いた庭園の借景復元に関する景観シミュレーション」“LandscapesimulationforrestoringborrowedsceneryofaJapanesegardenusingaterrestriallaserscanner”above.213

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Photo22TheviewtoDaimonjiblockedbytalltrees(beforethepreservationandrepairproject)progressedanditwasfearedthatthecuttingdownoftalltreeswouldmakemanyadjacentbuildingsvisiblefromthegarden,spoilingthetaste.Asaresult,itwasclarifiedthatfromtheviewpointnearthegardenpondontheeastside,iftoomanytalltreeswerecutdown,theroofofthesurroundingbuilding,whichhidesthelowerrightpartofthedai(大)letter,wouldbevisible[Fig.7,8],whilefromtheviewpointneartheguestroom,evenifthetalltreeswerecutdowntoshowtheentiredai(大)letter,theroofsofthesurroundingbuildingswouldnotbevisible[Fig.9,10].Basedontheresults,itwasdecidedtocutdownthetalltreesmoderatelysothattheroofofthesurroundingbuildingwouldnotbevisiblefromtheviewpointclosetothegardenpondwhilemaintainingtheviewtotheDaimonjifromtheviewpointclosetotheguestroom[Photos22,23].Seifu-soGardenisownedandmanagedbytheuniversityandisdesignatedasanationalplaceofscenicbeauty,soitisveryfortunateintermsofpermanence.Ontheotherhand,thebudgetforgardenmanagementisnotsufficientinregardtothefinancialsituationoftheuniversity.Nowthatthepreservationandrepairprojecthasbeencompletedandthebeautifulgardenhasbeenrestored,thequestionishowtomaintainthequalityofthegardeninthefuture.Inparticular,theearlydetectionof214

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Photo23TheviewtoDaimonjisecuredbypruningtalltrees(afterthepreservationandrepairproject)signsofchangesthatmayleadtomajordamagetothegardenwillbeanimportanttasktomaintainthequalityofthegardenwhilereducingthetotalrepaircostsinthelongrun.Itisdesirabletosecureabudgetforthispurpose.LookingBackontheTriptoSeifu-soGardenSeifu-soGardenwascreatedbyJiheiOgawaVII(Ueji),aforerunnerofmodernlandscaping,inresponsetothewishesofKinmochiSaionji,whohadadeepknowledgeofvariousartssuchasChineseclassics,andTomoitoSumitomo,whohadastronginterestingardendesign.Inthischapter,IattemptedtoaddtheviewpointsofKinmochiandTomoitototheconventionalviewpointofUejionSeifu-soGarden.Asaresult,itwasfoundthatSeifu-soGardennotonlyshowedthecharacteristicsofUeji’sgardendesign,butalsomadefulluseofKinmochi’stasteofactivelyincorporatingthebeautifulandbelovednaturearoundhimintohisowngarden.IhopethatthischapterwillbringoutthenewcharmofSeifu-soGardenandaiditsinheritance.Photographs22and23arebothfrom『名勝清風荘庭園保存修理事業報告書』(“ReportonthePreservationandRepairProjectofMeishoSeifu-soGarden”),p.29oftheRepairPhotographs.215

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Seifu-so–KyotoUniversitégemmecachéeRichardCollasse(AncienChairmandeChanelGK)Ilyabienlongtemps,undemescollaborateursmedemandade’accompagneràKyotopourrencontrerunéminentprofesseurdelafacultédemédecinedelaprestigieuseuniversitédeKyotodontnotreentreprisesoutenaitleprogrammederecherche.Cevoyagem’enchantaitcarj’aimeKyoto.Lorsquejesuisdanscetteville,j’ail’impressiondeflotterhorsdemoi-même.Mamémoires’emparedemoi,ellem’enveloppedesongesdontjesenslesoufflesurmonâme:àlapoignanteimagedecetteamanteoffrantlelaitdesonseinàl’officierquivapartiràlaguerredansl’admirableromanKinkakuji(金閣寺)deMishimaYukio,sesuperposentmespropressouvenirs:latracedupasd’unejeunefemmedanslaneigequipeuàpeus’estompe,ladouceurd’unemaindanslamienne,lacourbed’unenuquesousl’échancrured’unkimono,unelarmefurtivequifrémitaubordd’unregardavantdeglisserverslacommissuredeslèvrestremblantesdechagrindecellequ’onaimemaisquejamaisonnepossédera.L’amour,àKyoto,separed’unetristessequibroielecœur…Noussommesarrivésdansl’enceintedubâtimentabritantl’unitéderechercheunsoird’automne.Lanuittombantefinissaitd’effacerlesplendideflamboiementdesgrandsarbresducampus.LadoucemélancoliesiparticulièreàKyotopesaitsurnosépaules.Lespremiersfroidsannonciateursdel’hivernousfaisaientfrissonnersousnosmanteauxtroplégers.Leslumièresautraversdesgrandesfenêtresallongeaientnossilhouettes.Lecampusdésertéparlesétudiantsétaitsilencieux,seulsnospascrissaientsurlegravier.Nousnoustaisions,216

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sansdoutepournepasbrisercetinstantd’oretdepénombreetparcequ’ilyadesmomentsoùlaparoledistraitdel’essentiel.Noussommesmontésdanslesétagesd’unbâtimentaustère.Nousenavonslongéuncouloirmonotonejusqu’àuneportequenousavonspoussée.Jem’attendaisàrencontrerundoctechercheurenblouseblancheaudiscoursésotériquedansunlaboratoirechargédetubesdeverre,demicroscopesetsurlesétagèresdesquelsseraientposésdesbocauxremplisd’étrangesorganes.Enfait,nousnoussommesretrouvésdansunecaverned’AliBaba.Surlesrayonnagesdelabibliothèque,ilyavaitcertesdenombreuxouvragesdemédecineetdesclasseursmaisaussidesdisquesdechanteursfrançaisetdegrandsauteursclassiques.Unhommetrapu,unebarbeneigeuseencadrantunvisagebienveillant,uneétincelleespiègledansunregard,selevadesonbureauencombrédeliassesdepapiersetnousaccueillitdansunexcellentfrançais.Unefoislescartesdesvisiteéchangées,ilnousdit:«Leschosessérieusesd’abord!»ensortantd’unpetitréfrigérateurunebouteilledechampagneetd’unplacarddesflûtes.IldébouchaprestementlabouteilleetnoustrinquâmesaugéniedelaFranceetceluiduJaponenparlantdesgrandsnomsdelaChansonfrançaise,desfilmsdelaNouvelleVague,desromansdeVictorHugoetdesnouvellesdeGuydeMaupassant.JevenaisderencontrerleProfesseurMatsudaFumihiko,unesommitémondialedansledomainedel’étudedugénomehumain.Notreamitiés’estforgéeautourdenotrepassioncommunepourlaculturedenospaysrespectifs.IlévoquaitsespromenadeslelongdelaSeine.Enécho,jeluiparlaiduveloursdesmoussesduKokedera(苔寺),delacoursivetoutenanglesdelaKatsura-Rikyu(桂離宮)etdesjeuxdelalunedanssonétang.Comprenantmapassionpourl’architecturejaponaiseet217

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l’harmoniequiémanedumariagedespavillonsaveclesjardinsqu’ondécouvreaudétourd’unevenelledansKyoto,ilm’offritdevisiterunjoyaupossédéparl’université,lavillaSeifu-so(清風荘),rarementofferteauregarddupublic.Alorsquej’admirailacalmebeautédesjardinsdepuisl’anciennerésidenceprivéedugrandhommed’étatSaionjiKinmochi(西園寺公望),lui-mêmeéminentfrancophonedontonditqu’ilparlaitlefrançaisavecunaccentméridionalprononcécarilavaitvécudanssajeunesseàMarseille,nousévoquâmesl’idéederéaliserunprojetquirendraithommageàlabeautéetlaquiétudedulieu.Ainsinaquitleprojetd’uneassociationentrelaScienceetlaCulture,deuxmondesquihabituellements’ignorent.L’universitédeKyotoouvriraitunelucarnesursonimmenseSavoirtandisqueChanel,dansl’espritdesafondatriceGabrielleChanel,offriraitauxmusiciensenrésidencedanssonprogramme«PygmalionDays»,leprivilègedejouerdansuncadreexceptionneldevantunpublicchoisi.Musique».Ainsiestnéleprogramme«RencontresentreScienceetDurantquatreannéesaumoisd’octobre,quandKyotoseparedescouleursdel’automne,nousavonseuleprivilègeinsignedejouirdelabeautésereinedeSeifu-soquis’éveillaitdesonlongsongetranquillepournousaccueillir.Avantd’atteindrelarésidence,passéunmajestueuxportailonsuitunchemindegravierblancquisinueentrelesarbresmagnifiquementtaillésaudétourdesquelsserévèleunpavillondethéquisembleflotter,irréel,suruntapisdemousse.Unpeuplusloinsetrouvel’étangdanslequelsemiroitelavillaau-delàd’unepelousevallonnée.C’estlàquelesinvitésdecessoiréesexceptionnellesprenaientunecollationdansladernièredouceurdusoird’automnetombantavantdesedirigerverslapremièresalleoùdeschaisesavaientétéalignées218

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surdestapisdefeutreafindenepasabimerlestatamis.Unprojecteurreliéàunordinateurétaitposésurunecrédencedevantunécranaccrochésommairementaumur.Leconférenciersetenaitdeboutdevantsonauditoire.Onavaitl’impressiond’assisteràunedeceslecturesdonnéesàl’ÈreMeijiparunsavantrevenudel’autrecôtédesocéans,quandleSavoirduboutdumondemettaitquatremoispourarriverdansl’archipel.Laconférenceduraitenvironquaranteminutes,accompagnéed’uneprojection.L’ambianceétaitd’unémerveillementstudieux.Lesinvitéssetrouvaientplongésdansdesmondesqu’ilsn’avaientjamaissoupçonnés,racontéscommeuncontedeféeparlesplusgrandsspécialistesdusujettraité.LaSciencelaplusélaboréeétaitainsiofferteàunparterrelimitédeHappyFewparfaitementconscientsduprivilègeinsignequileurétaitoffert.Latêteencorepleined’avoirfrôlélaconnaissancepure,l’assembléepassaitensuitedansuneautrepiècepluspetiteoùunesobreestradebasse,éclairéepardeuxprojecteursposéssurdestrépieds,attendaitl’arrivéedesconcertistesd’unquartetoud’unquintet.Aucundécorn’étaitnécessaire.Lapénombredelavillaoffraitunécrinparfait.Unefoissurscène,lesartistesseprésentaient.Unepetiteexplicationsurlemorceauqu’ilsallaientjoueretsonauteursuivait.Puisleconcertdébutait.Lamusiqueemplissaitalorsl’espaceetlesâmes.Onétaittellementprochedesmusiciensqu’onauraitpuentendrelebattementdeleurcœur.LevibratodescordessemblaitpénétrerlesboiseriesdeSeifu-sopartousleurspores.Lamusiquecoulaitlelongdesshojis,pénétraitlatramedestatamis,glissaitsurleslattesdel’engawa.Elles’emparaitdeSeifu-socommed’uneamante.Ladernièrenoteduconcertparaissaitflotterencoreunmomentalorsquelesilencegagnait.Seifu-sodonnaitl’impressiondevouloiremprisonnerlamélodiequivenaitd’êtrejouée.Lesinvités,conscientsqu’ilsvenaientdevivreunmiracle,restaientimmobilesquelquesinstantsavantd’applaudirlesinterprètes.219

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annéesdesuite.L’universitédeKyotoetChanelontoffertcettemagiequatreEnoctobre2016,leProfesseurWatanabeDaidelaFacultédeMédecine,offritunepassionnantelecturesurlesoiseauxchanteurs,appuyantsadémonstrationsurdespassagesdalaSymphoniePastoraledeBeethoven.QuatrejeunesconcertistesduprogrammePygmalionjouèrentensuitelequartetpourcordesNº14enSolMajeur,K.387deMozartetlamélodie«L’airdeLondonderry»deFranckBridge.Unanplustard,cefutautourduProfesseurOmuraYoshiharudu«ResearchInstituteforSustainableHumanosphere»dedémontrerquelevasteespacebruitdemillechuchotementsetd’innombrablesrumeurs.Sadémonstrationfutsuivied’unconcertdonnéparquatrenouveauxartistessuivisparChanelaveclequartetpourcordesNº12enFaMajeuropus96«American»deDvoráketlequartetNº2enRéMajeur«Nocturne»d’AlexanderBorodin.Enoctobre2018,leProfesseurKamitaniYukiyasudela«GraduateSchoolofInformatics»etGuestDirectorde«ATRInformationResearchInstitute»développauneconférencesurlarecherchedelamatérialisationd’uneimagegénéréeparlecerveau.LesartistesduPygmalionDaysjouèrentlequartetpourcordesNº17enSibémolMajeur,K458,«Lachasse»deMozartetle«Mouvementlent»d’AntonWebern.Enfin,enoctobre2019,leProfesseurTajimaOsamu,ProfesseurAssociédela«GraduateSchoolofScience»invital’auditoireàseplongeravecluidansl’universquantiqueinterprétédepuislesradiationscosmiquesenl’initiantau«sondel’instrumentquiajouélapartitiondelacréationdel’univers».LeconcertquisuivitfutlequintetpourcordesNº2enDomineur,K.406deMozart.220

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Ainsis’accomplitlecycledecesrencontresquioffrirentquatrefoisdesuitelafusiondel’Intelligenceetdel’Émotionàquelquesinvitésprivilégiésgrâceàlagénérositédel’UniversitédeKyotodanslemerveilleuxécrinduSeifu-so.221

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OntheUtilizationoftheCulturalHeritageofSeifu-soFumihikoMatsudaWheneverIreflectonSeifu-so,onequestioncontinuallyarises:howcanthisinvaluableculturalheritagebestserveKyotoUniversity?“Benefit”mayincludeenhancingtheuniversity’sglobalreputationorofferingavenuefordialogueamongindividualsinscience,industry,thearts,andculture̶groupsthatrarelyintersect.Withitsexquisitesukiyastylearchitectureandrefinedgarden,Seifu-soisideallysuitedtosuchexchanges.Similareffortstoactivateculturalheritageforpublicengagementexistworldwide.OneexampleisLesCordeliersinParis,neartheOdéonmetrostationatthescientificheartoftheLatinQuarter̶ahistoriccomplexoftenreferredtoasthe“MedicalSchoolofParis.”Originallya13th-centuryhospitalgrantedtotheFranciscansbyKingLouisIX,itwastransformedintoaconventintheearly16thcentury,completewithachurch,cloisters,garden,andalargerefectory̶thelatterbeingallthatremainstoday.Beyonditsecclesiasticalpast,LesCordeliersholdspoliticalsignificance.DuringtheFrenchRevolution,ithostedtheCordeliersClub,whichincludedfiguressuchasDesmoulins,Danton,andMarat.Amedicalschoolandhospitalwereestablishedtherein1795,andsince1835ithashousedthegruesomeDupuytrenAnatomyMuseum.OnceownedbytheCityofParis,thesitewastransferredtotheuniversityin1970andhassincebeenusedforeducationandresearchinmedicine.Today,LesCordeliersretainsitsvaultedcorridors,thickstonewalls,andtranquilcourtyards̶echoesofcenturiespast.Ihadtwomemorableexperiencestherethatillustratedhowculturalheritageandcontemporarylifecanintersect.222

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Thefirstwasin2014,enroutetovisitacollaborator’slab.IencounteredanunusualtrafficjamonRueHautefeuilles.Thenarrowstreetwasfilledwithsleekblackcars,andphotographerspeeredintomyvehicle.Momentslater,tall,slenderyoungwomensteppedoutandrushedtowardtherefectory.Frommycarwindow,Icouldseeonlytheirlonglegs.Itturnedoutafashionshowwasunderway,andthewomenweremodels.Later,mycollaboratorexplainedthatseveraldesignerswerefeatured,includingStellaMcCartney.Thephotographers,headded,werelikelydrawnbyherfame̶andperhapsbyrumorsthatherfather,PaulMcCartney,mightappear.ThesecondoccurredonaswelteringJunedayin2015,duringaworkshopco-hostedbytheGraduateSchoolofMedicineofKyotoUniversityandINSERM(Institutnationaldelasantéetdelarecherchemédicale)ofFrance.Withoutairconditioning,theheatwasintense,andopenwindowsletinthedinofcourtyardconstruction.Duringabreak,Idiscoveredworkerssettinguparunwayforanotherfashionshow,thistimebyagloballyrenownedbrandstartingwith“H”.Despitethediscomfort,Iwasstruckbyhowseamlesslyauniversityfacilitycouldberepurposedforculturalevents̶aninspiringmodelforacademicopenness.Naturally,holdingsucheventsonuniversitygroundsrequiresinstitutionalapproval̶andthatapprovalisnotgrantedlightly.Why,then,douniversitiespermitthem?Becausetheyhavearesponsibilitynotonlytopreserveculture,butalsototransmitit.Byopeningtheirspacestoexternalcollaboratorsintheartsandculture,universitiesprovideameaningfulenvironmentforcreativeexchange.Thosewhochoosesuchvenuesfindprofoundvalueinhostingeventswithinhistoricacademicarchitecture.TheauditoriumsandcloistersofParisianmedicalschoolsareexemplaryinthisregard̶spaceswherehistoryenrichesnewexpressions.Itisacompellingmodelofhowuniversitiescangeneratefreshculturalmeaningwhilehonoringtheirpast.Inspiredbythesemoments,IenvisionedafashionshowbeneathKyotoUniversity’siconiccamphortreeinfrontoftheclocktower.223

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Manypiecesofluggagewereplacedinthebeautifulcourtyard.ThroughmyresearchcollaborationwithCHANELonskinaging,I’vebuilttieswithitsleadership.Thoughtheideahasyettomaterialize,itstillfeelswithinreach.Someinitiativeshavealreadybornefruit.Since2016,EncountersbetweenScienceandMusic̶aprojectco-hostedbyCHANELandKyotoUniversity̶hasbeenheldatSeifu-so.Itaimstopresentscientificinsightsinaccessibleways,bringartintoacademicspaces,andcelebratetheirfusioninauniquesetting.Theinauguraleventin2016wasprivate.From2017onward,weaddedpublicperformancesatvenuessuchastheMemorialAuditoriumandMuseumofMedicine(formerlytheAnatomyAuditorium)in2017,theFujitaMemorialHallintheFacultyofPharmaceutical224

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Sciencesin2018,andtheInamoriHallonthemedicalcampusin2019.AtSeifu-so,welaidacarpetinthemainguestroom,setupchairs,andhostedgiftedyoungmusiciansperformingchambermusic.Eachyearfeaturedadistinctscientifictheme:in2016,ProfessorDaiWatanabeoftheGraduateSchoolofMedicinediscussedcerebralphysiologythroughbirdsong;in2017,ProfessorYoshiharuOmuraoftheResearchInstituteforSustainableHumanosphereplayedhisownworkonthesoundsfromcosmicdata;in2018,ProfessorYukiyasuKamitanioftheGraduateSchoolofInformaticsexploredAIinterpretationofbrainwaves,sparkedbymysimplequestion,“DoesBeethoven’sPastoralSymphonyevokerurallandscapes?”In2019,Dr.OsamuTajimaoftheGraduateSchoolofSciencedeliveredalectureonthebirthoftheuniverseinTheSoundofMusicattheGenesisoftheUniverse.It’sdeeplyrewardingtowitnesspeoplefromdisparatefieldsengageinmeaningfuldialogue.Suchcross-disciplinary“sideglances”̶yosomi,aswesayinJapanese̶arevitalnotonlyforscientistsbutforallAcorridoroftheMedicalSchoolofParisisbeingpreparedforafashionshow.225

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Ms.FumikaMoriandMs.ChikaEdanami,violinists,andMs.FumieKato,cellist(fromleft),gaveastunningperformance.Seifu-soislikeagorgeousculturalsalon.Informationboardof“EncountersbetweenScienceandMusic”placedinfrontofthemaingateofSeifu-so.226

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Thisphotowastakenfacingthewindow.Theperformersarereflectedalongwiththegarden.(Allphotosaboveare©FumihikoMatsuda)whoengagewithcultureandthearts.EncountersbetweenScienceandMusicalsotiesintoCHANELPygmalionDays,heldregularlyatNexusHallinTokyo.Thenameevokesthemythologicalkingwhofellinlovewithastatuehehadcarved.Movedbyhisdevotion,Aphrodite,thegoddessoflove,gavelifetothestatue,andhemarriedthewoman.Today,“Pygmalion”oftenreferstothosewhonurturehiddentalent.CocoChanel,forinstance,supportedPabloPicasso,IgorStravinsky,andRaymondRadiguetearlyintheircareers.KinmochiSaionji̶onwhosebehalfSeifu-sowasbuilt̶sharedthisPygmalion-likespirit.WhilestudyinginFrance,hesupportedJudithGautier(daughterofThéophileGautier)increatinganoperaabouttheOrientandhelpedpublishPoèmesdelalibellule(DragonflyPoems),abeautifullyillustratedFrenchtranslationofwakapoetry.Healsoactedasabridgebetweenhisyoungerbrother,TomoitoSumitomo(whocommissionedSeifu-so),andthepainterSeikiKurodain227

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planningalargeWestern-stylework.Inthatsense,TomoitotoowasaPygmalion.AnecdotesalsoreflectSaionji’smusicalconnections.AccordingtoconductorHidemaroKonoeinTouanKoueiFu,Saionjiandthen–PrimeMinisterHirobumiItoonceheardFranzLisztperforminWeimarcourt.Moved,ItohopedtobringhimtoJapan̶believinghimsuitableasaprofessorattheTokyoConservatory(nowtheFacultyofMusicatTokyoUniversityoftheArts).Saionji,knowingLiszt’sstatureinEurope,gentlydissuadedhim.Thisepisodedatestotheearly1880s,beforeKyotoUniversitywasfounded.IntroducingthefruitsofscienceandmusicthroughSeifu-soisaprofoundjoy.Auniversityshouldnotbeaclosedenclave,butaculturalandintellectualpartnertosociety.IhopetofosteranatmospherewhereeventheairatKyotoUniversityfeelsrichwithinspiration̶drawnfromitsheritageandglobalconnections.228

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Seifu-soandItsEncounterwiththeArtsPhotographsbyTomomiTakanoCeramicartbyNaokiKawabuchiFlowerarrangementbyHanaonoKawamura

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OnNovember26,2022,“Seifu-soandItsEncounterwiththeArts”—acollaborationofceramicsandikebana—washeldunderclearautumnskiesatSeifu-so.TheeventfeaturedalecturebyNaokiKawabuchi,aleadingceramicartistknownforNanbanyakishime,andfloralinstallationsbyHanaonoKawamura,displayedinKawabuchi’svesselsthroughoutthegardenandinteriorspaces.Heldatasiterarelyopentothepublic,theprogramofferedauniqueopportunitytoexperienceJapaneseculturalexpressionamidsukiya-stylearchitectureandvibrantfoliage.Kawabuchi’spracticebridgescreativeworkandhistoricalinquiry,whileKawamura,workingindependentlyoftraditionalikebanaschools,exploresfloralartasapersonalexpression.TheirencounteratSeifu-sofosteredadialoguebetweenform,nature,thought,andtheintellectualspirittiedtoSaionjiandKyotoUniversity.230

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FromtheFieldofGardenManagement—InterviewwithKozoYamadaofHanatoyoLandscapeCo.,Ltd.JunichiImanishiAgardenisnotalwaysacompleteformwhentheconstructioniscompleted.Forexample,whenplantingnewtreesinagarden,itisdifficulttotransplantoldtrees,soyoungtreesareoftenplanted,andthesizeandbranchingofthetreesmaynotbeidealatthetimeofconstructioncompletion.Asfortherocksthatarebroughtintoagarden,thesurfacesarebrandnewwhentheconstructioniscompleted,soitispossiblethatpeopledonotfeelwabi-sabiuntilsomeyearshavepassed.Agardennotonlychangeswiththeseasons,butalsofromyeartoyear.Treesgrow,competeforlight,water,andnutrients,somedecline,andsomedie.Seedscanalsobesuppliedfromoutsidethegarden,andnewplantscansproutandtakeroot.Astheareaaroundthegardenbecomesmoreurbanized,theviewoftheoutsideseenfromthegardenmaychangeovertime.Inthisever-changinggarden,thegardendesigneristhemostimportantpersonintermsofdeterminingitsinitialappearance,butthegardenmanagerisalsoimportantintermsofshapingitafterconstructioniscompleted.Seifu-soGarden,whichhasbeeninoperationforover100years,hasundergonesignificantchangesinnotonlythegarden,butalsothesurroundingenvironment,anditisnecessarytomanagethegardeninresponsetothesechanges.Then,whatkindofmanagementisactuallyconductedinSeifu-soGarden?IinterviewedKozoYamada,theexecutivedirectorofHanatoyoLandscapeCo.,Ltd.(ThisinterviewwasconductedatSeifu-soonSeptember14,2020.)243

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InvolvementinLandscapingImanishi:Firstofall,Iwouldliketoaskyouaboutyourownrelationshipwithlandscapingifyoudon’tmind.Yamada:Ihavebeeninvolvedinlandscapingfor25yearsnow.Aftergraduatingfromuniversity,IspentthefirstfourorfiveyearsofmylifeworkingintheconstructiondepartmentofalandscapingcompanyinTokyo,whereIwasinvolvedinurbangreeningandparkdevelopment.Afterthat,IwasfortunateenoughtomovetotheParksandRecreationFoundation,whichmanagesandoperatesnationalgovernmentparks.AttheParksandRecreationFoundation,Ihadtheopportunitytoplanandimplementevents,aswellastomanagebuildings,structures,andgreenspaces.Thiswasoneoftheturningpointsinmycareer,asIrealizedtheimportanceoftheprocessofthinkingandcreatingwithpeople.WhenIwas38yearsold,IdecidedthatIwantedtodowhatIdonow,soIreturnedtoKyotoandjoinedmyparents’company,HanatoyoLandscape.IhavebeenhelpingoutinthefamilybusinesssinceIwasachild,soIhadapassionforit.IhavebeenworkingatHanatoyoLandscapefor13yearsnow,mainlyongardens.IhavebeeninvolvedinKurochikugardeninfrontoftheentrance(Takenonthedayoftheinterview©JunichiImanishi)244

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Lookingoutoverthegardenfromthelivingroom©TomomiTakano.thecreationofgardensforprivateresidences,therestorationandmaintenanceofculturalpropertygardenssuchasSeifu-so,andlandscapingforprivatecompanies.Inagarden,asinanationalgovernmentpark,therearethingsthatcanonlybeaccomplishedwiththehelpofothers.Itisimportantforeveryone,includingtheclient,tothinkandcreatetogether.Thehappysmileontheclient’sfaceisthemostrewardingpartofmyjob.GardenManagementatSeifu-soHowlonghaveyoubeeninvolvedwithSeifu-soGarden?IhavebeeninvolvedinthemaintenanceofthegardensincetheyearafterIjoinedHanatoyoLandscape,soithasbeen12years.TherepairworkofSeifu-sostartedin2007(Heisei19)andwascompletedin2013(Heisei25),andIwasinchargeoftherepairofthegardenpondin2009(Heisei21).Asacompany,wehadexperienceinthepreservationandrestorationoftheformerDaijoinGardeninNara,andtheByodoinGardenandtheNishiHonganjiTemple’sTekisuienGardeninKyoto,butthiswas245

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Sukashipruning(thinningbranches)ofredpinetrees©TomomiTakano.246

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myfirsttimetobeinchargeofaculturalpropertygarden.InSeifu-soGarden,Iaminvolvedinthemanagementofthegardentogetherwithmanycolleagues,incooperationwiththeowner,KyotoUniversity,andthestaffoftheCulturalPropertiesProtectionDivision.WhatkindofmanagementworkdoyoudoinSeifu-soGarden?Theredpinesaretendedtoinspringandwinter,includingpickingbuds,pruning,andpestsanddiseasesarecontrolledasneeded.Itwouldbebestifwecouldprunealltalltreesincludingredpineandtheotherspecieseveryyear,butsinceweareonabudgetthatdoesnotallowustoprunetheentireareaatonce,werotatepruningeverythreeorfouryears.Whenwerotatethepruning,theprunedandunprunedareaswilllookdifferent,soweprunethemtoblendinwellwiththesurroundings.Wearealsopruningotherpartsofthegardenaswego,sothatwecanmaintainthebeautyofthegarden.Asforthelawn,wemowit,butbecausewecannotdoitseveraltimesayear,Mr.Okuda,thefacilitymanager,fillsinforus.Weprunemediumandsmall-sizedshrubsandkurochikubambooonceayear,andwealsoprunethehedgesaroundtheperimeterofSeifu-sositeonceayear.Inaddition,oneworkercomesinabouttwenty-fivedaysayeartotakecareofthemoss,includingirrigation.Forcleaning,oneworkerworkstwodaysaweekfromJanuarytoAugust,andthreedaysaweekfromSeptembertoDecember.Mr.Okudaalsodoeshisdailyworkofweedingandcleaning.Mr.Okuda’scontributionstoSeifu-soGarden,suchasmowingthelawn,weeding,andcleaningtokeepitbeautifulonadailybasis,havebeensignificant.Wealsodoemergencyworksuchasdealingwithfallentreesanddamagedbranchesafteratyphoon.KurochikuGardenRustlingintheWindHowdoyoumanagethekurochikuinfrontoftheentrance?Kurochikuistailoredtobe“animagethatrustlesinthewind.”Ifwe247

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growkurochikunormally,itwillbecometoobig,sowethinoutthethickandtallonesfromtherootsandleavethethin,soft,andshortones.Weprunekurochikusothatthefrontislowandthebackisalittlehigher.Wearecarefulnottoprunebetweenthejointsofthebamboosothatitlooksnatural.Wedon’tusemuchfertilizer,butwedouseaslow-releaseorganicfertilizerwhentheleafcolorispoor.Bythinningouttheplants,youhavecreatedagardenofkurochikuintheirnaturalstate,shortinheight,whichiswhatKinmochiSaionjiliked.SukashiPruningTechniquesThatGivetheEntireGardenaNaturalSenseofUnityTheredpineisaparticularlyimportanttreespeciesinJapanesegardens.Howdoyoumanageit?Wealwaysmakesuretotakecareoftheredpineseveryyear.Everyfewyears,itisnecessarytoreplacethebranches,“sashikae”*afromtimetotime,anditistailoredtolooksoftandnatural.Wethinthebranchesofredpinescarefullysothattheydon’thidetoomuchtheviewoftsukiyamahillsfromthemainhouse.Althoughinthewinter,theoldleavesareremovedtoallowfortransparency(ha-mushiri),eachyearthebranchescomedown.Therefore,theredpinesbesidethemainhousearepruned,adjustingthelowerbranchesasnecessarysothatthegardencanbeseenfromtheguestroom.Howdoyouprunethemochitsutsujiazaleasundertheredpines?Thebranchesofthemochitsutsujiazaleasontsukiyamahillsarethinnedbythepruningtechniquecalled“warisukashi(splitandthinning)”*btogiveitanaturallook.*aTheprocessofrenewingbranchesbycuttingofftheoldonesandencouragingthegrowthofnewones,forthepurposeofimprovingthetree’sappearance.*bPruningshrubssothattheirbranchingishighlyvisible.248

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KozoYamadatalksabouthisfuturecare(left)©TomomiTakano.HowdoyoumanagethetalltreesinthedirectionofMt.Daimonji?UsingtheresultsofthelandscapesimulationbyDr.Imanishiandothersasareference,weprunethetreestoaheightthatwouldshowthedai(大)letterofMt.Daimonji,butnotthebuildingsoutsideSeifu-so.TheviewofMt.Daimonji,whichusedtobevisibleonlyfromthesecondfloorofthebuilding,isnowclearlyvisiblefromthegardenbecauseofthepreservationandrepairproject.Beforethepreservationandrepairproject,gardenerswereonlyabletoprunetheredpines,mowthelawn,andprunetreesthatcoveredthebuildingoroverhungtheproperty.Butasaresultofthepreservationandrepairproject,thedensegardenwasbrightenedupandrestoredtoabeautifulgarden.Nowthattheforesthasbecomebrighterandtheenvironmenthaschangedtoallowmosstogrow,thegrowthofmossinthetsukiyamaareaisbetterthanbefore.Thebasicformofthecurrentgardenmanagementwasdevelopedthroughon-siteguidanceforthepreservationandrepairproject.249

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AreyouawareofKinmochiandShunsui(TomoitoSumitomo)whenyouaremanagingSeifu-soGarden?Ofcourseweare.Forexample,wearetendingtothegardenwhileimagininghowKinmochiwouldhavelookedfromthislivingroom,whichheusedtolovetouse.ItissaidthatShunsuitookUejitoseeKenrokuenandothergardenswhenhewascreatingSeifu-soGarden,soIbelievethatShunsui’sstrongfeelingsarereflectedhere.HowdoyouplantomaintainSeifu-soGardeninthefuture?Bythinningthebranchesofthetreesandtakinggoodcareofthem,wewouldliketomaintainthenaturalshapeoftsukiyamahillsvisiblefromthemainhouseandmaintaintheviewofaseriesoftsukiyamahills.Ratherthanshowingeachindividualtree,Iwouldliketoemphasizetheirinterconnectednessandcreateanaturalsenseofunity.IwouldliketotakecareofthegardensothatvisitorstoSeifu-sowillbeimpressed.PassingontheCultureofJapaneseGardensLastly,asthesocialenvironmentsurroundingJapanesegardensischanging,couldyoutelluswhatyoufeelaboutthesuccessionofJapanesegardensinthefield?ThetechniqueofhowtoshowoffaJapanesegardencanonlybeunderstoodbycreatingagarden.Althoughthereissomelogictoit,alargepartofitisbasedonsensitivity,soIwouldlikeyoungpeopleintheirtwentiesandthirtiestogetinvolvedingardencreationandimprovetheirsensitivity.However,IthinkthatopportunitiestocreateJapanesegardensaredecreasing.Inthepast,therewasagreatneedforgardensasguestfacilities,butnowadays,therearefewerandfewersuchfacilities,soitisnaturalthattherearefeweropportunitiestocreategardens.ToincreasethenumberofopportunitiestocreateJapanesegardens,itisnecessarytoreevaluatethevalueofsocializingingardens,althoughthisislargelyinfluencedbytheeconomicsituation.IhopethatSeifu-so,whichisusedasaguesthouse,willbecomeanopportunity250

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toreevaluatethevalueofJapanesegardensasaplaceforsocializing.Thankyouverymuchforyourvaluabletimetoday.Throughthisinterview,IwasabletolearnaboutthethoughtsofthepersoninvolvedinthemanagementofSeifu-soGarden,andalsorecognizethatitwasaplacetopassonandpolishtheskillsnecessarytopreserveitsculturalassetsforfuturegenerations.IalsolearnedthattheactualuseofthegardenasaplaceforsocializingcontributedtotheinheritanceoftheJapanesegardenculture.251

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AfterwordFumihikoMatsudaDuringthefinalstagesofthispublication,welearnedthatkurochiku(theblackbamboo)atSeifu-sohadflowered.Thephotographfeaturedinthisvolume(seepages10–11),takeninthesummerof2020,maycapturethisrareandephemeralmoment.Giventhatcertainspeciesofbamboobloomonlyonceevery60oreven120years,suchaneventisextraordinary̶andseldomrecorded.Thatitcoincidedwiththeresearchandphotographyforthisvolumestrikesusasanunexpectedyetmeaningfulconvergence.Whilebamboooftendeclinesafterflowering,wequietlyhopethattheblackbamboo,oncecherishedbyKinmochiSaionji,willcontinuetothrive.HidekiYukawa,awardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1949,wasafrequentvisitortoSeifu-so.AsastudentatKyotoUniversity,heattendedKitaroNishida’s“IntroductiontoPhilosophy”lectureswithoutfail.Inhisownhome,YukawadisplayedapieceofcalligraphybyNishidathatreadHohoSeifu̶aZenphrasemeaning“Witheachstep,apurewindarises”(TheTraveler,1960).IzuruShinmura,theeditorofKojien,Japan’smostauthoritativedictionary,alsoleftbehindhisimpressionsofSeifu-so.Inhis1953essay“StudentsandtheTeaCeremony”(Tanko,September1953),heobserved:“Thegreatestmisfortunefortoday’sstudentsisthattheyarenotaffordedtheluxuryoftranquility.Itmaysoundold-fashionedtosaythatonemustcultivateoneselfinstillness,orthatwithouttranquility,notruelearningcanoccur.YetIbelievethespiritofquietstudyistheveryfoundationofscholarship.”WheneverIreflectonwhethersuchtranquilityisstillattainabletoday,mythoughtsreturntotwoenduringsymbols:theSeishukanplaque,writtenbySaionjiandstilldisplayedinthereadingroomofthe252

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KyotoUniversityLibrary,andthesereneatmosphereofSeifu-soitself.Therealizationofthisbookwasmadepossiblethroughthesupportofmanyindividuals.IextendmydeepestgratitudetoMr.MasahiroShimotaniandDr.TomohiroMakioftheSumitomoArchives,forgrantingaccesstoinvaluablehistoricaldocuments,andtotheKyotoUniversityFacilitiesDepartmentfortheirgenerousassistanceinbothresearchandphotography.IamalsosincerelygratefultoMr.andMrs.KoseiKamiyaandMs.MitsukoKamiyaofNagaoka-KyoCity,whosharedtheirrecollectionsofSeifu-soandoftheirgrandfather,SenjiKamiya,andtheirmother,Setsuko̶itsstewardssincetheSaionjiera.MyheartfeltthanksgoaswelltoMr.TetsuyaSuzuki,Editor-in-Chief,andMs.YukoFukushimaofKyotoUniversityAcademicPressfortheirexcellenteditorialexpertise;toMr.IttokuYanagiharaofMizunowaPublishingHouse,alongwithMr.TakayukiIshizakaandMs.ErikoImuraofYamadaPhotoProcess,fortheirindispensablerolesintheproductionoftheEnglishedition.Giventhecomplexityandbreadthofthesubject,Ioncefearedthatthematerialmightresistcohesionwithinasinglevolume.Yetthebookhascometolifethroughthededicatedeffortsofallinvolved.TheJapaneseeditionwasmadepossiblethroughthesupportoftheKyotoUniversityPresident’sFund(2020)andtheEnglisheditionthroughthekindassistanceoftheKyotoUniversityAlumniAssociationKanae-kai.IwouldalsoliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoProfessorJuichiYamagiwa,formerPresidentofKyotoUniversity,whoapprovedtheinitialsupportforthisproject,andtoProfessorNagahiroMinato,thecurrentPresident,whosecontinuedencouragementhelpedbringtheEnglisheditiontofruition.Toallwhohelpedbringthisworkintobeing,Ioffermydeepestandmostenduringgratitude.253

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WrittenandcompiledbyFumihikoMatsuda,Ph.D.ProfessorandDirector,CenterforGenomicMedicine.KyotoUniversityGraduateSchoolofMedicineBornin1960.Ph.D.inMedicine(molecularbiology)fromKyotoUniversityin1990.AssistantProfessoratKyotoUniversity(1990~1998),HeadofGeneIdentificationatCentreNationaldeGénotypageinEvry,France(1998~2007),ProfessorofKyotoUniversityGraduateSchoolofMedicine(2003~),DirectorofCenterforGenomicMedicine(2008~),DeputyExecutiveVice-PresidentforInternationalAffairs(2014~2020)andSeniorAdvisortothePresidentonAcademicAffairs,KyotoUniversity(2020~).French“Chevalierdel’OrdreNationalduMérite”(2020).SetsukoNakajimaProfessor,GraduateSchoolofHumanandEnvironmentalStudies,KyotoUniversity.Architect(1st-gradeLicence).Bornin1969.DoctorinEngineering(UrbanHistoryandArchitecturalHistory)fromKyotoUniversityin1996.AssistantProfessorofOsakaCityUniversity(1997~2000),AssociateProfessorofOsakaCityUniversity(2000~2007),VisitingScholarofColumbiaUniversity(2004~2005),AssociateProfessorofKyotoUniversity(2007~2015),ProfessorofKyotoUniversity(2015~).JunichiImanishiProfessor,GraduateSchoolofGlobalEnvironmentalStudiesandGraduateSchoolofAgriculture,KyotoUniversity.Bornin1975.DoctorinAgriculture(landscapearchitecture)fromKyotoUniversityin2004.AssistantProfessorofKyotoUniversity(2004~2018),AssociateProfessorofOsakaPrefectureUniversity(2018~2020),ProfessorofOsakaPrefectureUniversity(2020~2022),ProfessorofOsakaMetropolitanUniversity(2022~2024),ProfessorofKyotoUniversity(2024~).

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WrittenbyRichardCollasse(FormerChairman,ChanelGK)PhotographedbyTomomiTakanoCollaboratorsFacilitiesDepartment,KyotoUniversityAkihikoOkuda(PropertyManagementDivision,FacilitiesDepartment,KyotoUniversity)KozoYamada(HanatoyoLandscapeCo.,Ltd.)